Author
Babar Azeem
Other affiliations: Petronas
Bio: Babar Azeem is an academic researcher from Universiti Teknologi Petronas. The author has contributed to research in topics: Controlled release & Fluidized bed. The author has an hindex of 8, co-authored 27 publications receiving 720 citations. Previous affiliations of Babar Azeem include Petronas.
Topics: Controlled release, Fluidized bed, Coating, Coated urea, Urea
Papers
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TL;DR: The development of CRCU is a green technology that not only reduces nitrogen loss caused by volatilization and leaching, but also alters the kinetics of nitrogen release, which provides nutrients to plants at a pace that is more compatible with their metabolic needs.
643 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviews and critically analyzes the latest developments in the mathematical modeling and simulation techniques that have been reported for the characteristics and mechanisms of nutrient release from CRFs.
113 citations
TL;DR: Urea coated by modified-starch was double coated by a geopolymer to enhance the controlled release characteristics that produced promising results with respect to the longevity of nitrogen release from the final product.
Abstract: Synthetic polymers-based controlled release urea (CRU) leaves non-biodegradable coating shells when applied in soil. Several alternative green materials are used to produce CRU, but most of these studies have issues pertaining to nitrogen release longevity, process viability, and the ease of application of the finished product. In this study, we utilized tapioca starch, modified by polyvinyl alcohol and citric acid, as coating material to produce controlled release coated urea granules in a rotary fluidized bed equipment. Response surface methodology is employed for studying the interactive effect of process parameters on urea release characteristics. Statistical analysis indicates that the fluidizing air temperature and spray rate are the most influential among all five process parameters studied. The optimum values of fluidizing air temperature (80 °C), spray rate (0.13 mL/s), atomizing pressure (3.98 bar), process time (110 min), and spray temperature (70 °C) were evaluated by multi-objective optimization while using genetic algorithms in MATLAB®. Urea coated by modified-starch was double coated by a geopolymer to enhance the controlled release characteristics that produced promising results with respect to the longevity of nitrogen release from the final product. This study provides leads for the design of a fluidized bed for the scaled-up production of CRU.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-diffusion model that simulates nitrogen release from coated urea particles for both the constant and decay release stages of urea is proposed, which is developed for multilayer included the coating and water zone, and integrates a Finite Element Method (FEM) with 2D geometry to enhance the accuracy of simulation by introducing urea diffusivity in water domain as a function of its concentration.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of coating thickness on release time and diffusion coefficient of urea release in distilled water was investigated and it was concluded that a significant coating thickness in addition to good uniformity of thickness and film integrity can produce promising controlled release characteristics.
39 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for "experimenters") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment.
Abstract: THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON
13,333 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the synthesis, characterization and application of superabsorbent hydrogels in agriculture, mainly those based on polysaccharides, as soil conditioners and as polymer carriers for nutrient release, is presented.
480 citations
TL;DR: This review is thus organized to critically assess the significant role of nanotechnology for encapsulation of AIs for pesticides and the future trends of pesticide nanoformulations including nanomaterials as AIs and nanoemulsions of biopesticides are explored.
354 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the current review is to develop technical understanding of the conventional and non-conventional coating materials and associated spray coating mechanism for slow release urea production and the potential of starch as the coating material in relation to the coatings tested previously for controlled release fertilizers.
329 citations
TL;DR: The application of degradable natural materials as a coating when amending soils is the focus of EFF research and recent studies on materials used in EFFs and their effects on the environment are reviewed.
295 citations