The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective

The spirit of sport, which encompasses intrinsic values associated with sport participation, is core to the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) strategy for doping prevention. The contribution of these values to clean sport has yet to be established. In this study, athletes rated the importance of spirit of sport values (WADA, 2015) and sport values (Lee et al., 2000, 2008) and indicated their clean sport likelihood in a hypothetical scenario. Clean sport likelihood was positively predicted by the five spirit of sport values (ethics/fair play/honesty, respect for rules/laws, dedication/commitment, teamwork, community/solidarity), two sport value domains (morality, competence), and 11 sport values (contract maintenance, being fair, conscientiousness, sportspersonship, show skills, health/fitness, caring/compassion, team cohesion, achievement, tolerance, obedience). Clean sport likelihood was best predicted by moral values.

Values and clean sport.

Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries

Most core areas of anti-doping research exploit and rely on analytical chemistry, applied to studies aiming at further improving the test methods' analytical sensitivity, the assays' comprehensiveness, the interpretation of metabolic profiles and patterns, but also at facilitating the differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds and comprehending the athlete's exposome. Further, a continuously growing number of advantages of complementary matrices such as dried blood spots has been identified and transferred from research to sports drug testing routine applications, with an overall gain of extremely valuable additions to the anti-doping field. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2020 and September 2021 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified in the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2021 Prohibited List.

Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2020/2021.

Although the use of banned drugs in sport is not a new phenomenon, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of athletes who have committed anti-doping rule violations. This study qualitatively explored the experiences of 18 athletes (from the sports of bodybuilding, powerlifting, cricket, sprint kayak, rugby league, and swimming) who had committed anti-doping violations. Themes explored included motivations for initiating and maintaining doping, the psychology of doping, deterrents to doping, and views on current anti-doping policy. In most cases doping had started early in their careers. The perceived culture of the sport was considered central to the ‘normalization’ of doping, particularly in bodybuilding. When explaining their decision to dope, athletes engaged in processes or moral disengagement (including advantageous comparison, minimizing consequences and diffusion of responsibility). Ironically, moral arguments were perceived as the most effective deterrents to doping. Findings are discussed in relation to the difficulties in establishing credible deterrents and suggestions for the future development of anti-doping policy.

The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations.

The aim of this study is the adaptation of The Attitudes to Moral Decision-Making in Youth Sport Questionnaire to Turkish student sample aged between 11-19. Data was collected from 398 student athletes. Cronbach’s Alfa Coefficient of the AMDYSQ was found 0,76, and test retest reliability coefficient was found 0,855. The validity of the AMDYSQ analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Fit indices values for all parameters were found to be good or excellent (Chi-square/df=2,85; GFI= 0,96; AGFI= 0,93; CFI= 0,96; NNFI= 0,94; RMSEA= 0,068; SRMR= 0,047). As a result, it was determined that the data obtained from the Turkish form of AMDYSQ scale was described by the theoretical structure and reliability coefficients were sufficient.

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Altyapı Sporlarında Ahlaki Karar Alma Tutumları Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Bir Türk Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Bu arastirmanin amaci; basketbol hakemlerinin karsilastiklari sportmenlik disi davranislarin belirlenmesi ve bu davranislarin hakemlerin cesitli degiskenleri acisindan incelenmesidir. Arastirmaya 2007-2008 sezonunda Turkiye basketbol liglerinde mac yoneten 192 gonullu basketbol hakemi katilmistir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak “Kisisel Bilgi ve Gorus Formu” ve “Sportmenlik Disi Davranislar Anketi” kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda, basketbol hakemlerinin sportmenlik disi davranislar anketinden aldiklari puanlarin hakemlerin; yasi, cinsiyeti, mezun oldugu bolumu, hakemlik yasi, bir onceki sezonda mac yonettigi klasmani, klasmaninda bir sezonda yonettigi ortalama mac adedi ve hakemlik yaptigi bransta lisansli olarak sporculuk yapip yapmadiklarina davranisi yapan gruba gore, davranisin yapildigi gruba gore ve yapilan davranisin turune gore farklilastigi tespit edilmistir. Bunun yani sira, calismada sportmenlik disi davranislar bakimindan basketbol ligleri arasinda farkliliklar arastirilmis ve elde edilen veri sonucunda basketbol ligleri arasinda farkliliklar oldugu ortaya koyulmustur .

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Futbol hakemleri̇ni̇n karşilaştiklari sportmenli̇k dişi davranişlarin i̇ncelenmesi̇

Basic values, defined as trans-situational goals that vary in importance and act as guiding principles in life, have been linked with unethical cognitions, emotions and actions. Their roles...

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Basic values predict doping likelihood

The purpose of this study is to analyze the unsportsmanlike behaviors the basketball and soccer referees are subject to and reveal the differences in unsportsmanlike behaviors between the leagues. There are 192 basketball, 129 soccer referees officiating in Turkey’s league of basketball and soccer in the season of 2007-2008, participated in this study. “Personal Information and View Form” and “Unsportsmanlike Behaviors Questionnaire” were used as the data-collection tools. At the end of this research, the most encountered behaviors in basketball are successively psychological pressure, protest, complaining the competitor, complaining the referee, destroying concentration, objection, avoid assisting the referee, incitement, verbal abuse, disrespect, non-gratitude, behaving against the sporting virtue, harm on sports equipment, threat, attempt of assault, and assault. In soccer the most encountered behaviors are successively, psychological pressure, protest, complaining the competitor, complaining the referee, objection, avoid assisting the referee, destroy concentration, incitement, disrespect, verbal abuse, non-gratitude, behaving against the sporting virtue, threat, harm on sports equipment, attempt of assault, and assault.

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Bahri Gürpinar

Papers

Values and clean sport.

Altyapı Sporlarında Ahlaki Karar Alma Tutumları Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Bir Türk Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Futbol hakemleri̇ni̇n karşilaştiklari sportmenli̇k dişi davranişlarin i̇ncelenmesi̇

Basic values predict doping likelihood

Unsportsmanlike behaviors in the turkish basketball and soccer leagues from the view of referees