25. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. By D. B. Rubin. ISBN 0 471 08705 X. Wiley, Chichester, 1987. 258 pp. £30.25.

Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys

https://faculty.weber.edu/eamsel/Research%20Groups/Dual%20PRocess%20Research/New%20Papers/Steinberg%20(2008).pdf

A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking.

Does social class predict diet quality

Context Cognitive impairment and functional disability are major determinants of caregiving needs and societal health care costs. Although the incidence of severe sepsis is high and increasing, the magnitude of patients' long-term cognitive and functional limitations after sepsis is unknown. Objective To determine the change in cognitive impairment and physical functioning among patients who survive severe sepsis, controlling for their presepsis functioning. Design, Setting, and Patients A prospective cohort involving 1194 patients with 1520 hospitalizations for severe sepsis drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of US residents (1998-2006). A total of 9223 respondents had a baseline cognitive and functional assessment and had linked Medicare claims; 516 survived severe sepsis and 4517 survived a nonsepsis hospitalization to at least 1 follow-up survey and are included in the analysis. Main Outcome Measures Personal interviews were conducted with respondents or proxies using validated surveys to assess the presence of cognitive impairment and to determine the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) for which patients needed assistance. Results Survivors' mean age at hospitalization was 76.9 years. The prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment increased 10.6 percentage points among patients who survived severe sepsis, an odds ratio (OR) of 3.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-7.25) in multivariable regression. Likewise, a high rate of new functional limitations was seen following sepsis: in those with no limits before sepsis, a mean 1.57 new limitations (95% CI, 0.99-2.15); and for those with mild to moderate limitations before sepsis, a mean of 1.50 new limitations (95% CI, 0.87-2.12). In contrast, nonsepsis general hospitalizations were associated with no change in moderate to severe cognitive impairment (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.80-1.67; P for difference vs sepsis = .01) and with the development of fewer new limitations (mean among those with no limits before hospitalization, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.39-0.57; P for difference vs sepsis Conclusions Severe sepsis in this older population was independently associated with substantial and persistent new cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors. The magnitude of these new deficits was large, likely resulting in a pivotal downturn in patients' ability to live independently.

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Long-term Cognitive Impairment and Functional Disability Among Survivors of Severe Sepsis

The prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents has dramatically increased. There may be vulnerable periods for weight gain during childhood and adolescence that also offer opportunities for prevention of overweight. Overweight in children and adolescents can result in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. The best approach to this problem is prevention of abnormal weight gain. Several strategies for prevention are presented. In addition, treatment approaches are presented, including behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical treatment. Childhood and adolescent overweight is one of the most important current public health concerns.

Overweight in Children and Adolescents Pathophysiology, Consequences, Prevention, and Treatment

Objective To describe the food consumption patterns of US infants and toddlers, 4 to 24 months of age. Design Descriptive analysis of data collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers study based on telephone interviews and 24-hour dietary recalls. Subjects A national random sample of 3,022 infants and toddlers age 4 to 24 months. Statistical analyses performed The percentage of infants and toddlers consuming foods from specific food groups was estimated for six age groups, using a single 24-hour recall. Results Infants as young as 7 months of age showed food patterns that have been observed in older children and adults. From 18% to 33% of infants and toddlers between ages 7 and 24 months consumed no discrete servings of vegetables, and 23% to 33% consumed no fruits. French fries were one of the three most common vegetables consumed by infants 9 to 11 months of age. By 15 to 18 months, french fries were the most common vegetable. Almost half (46%) of 7- to 8-month-olds consumed some type of dessert, sweet, or sweetened beverage, and this percentage increased as age increased. By 19 to 24 months, 62% of toddlers consumed a baked dessert, 20% consumed candy, and 44% consumed a sweetened beverage. Applications Parents and caregivers should be encouraged to offer a wide variety of vegetables and fruits daily, with emphasis on dark green, leafy, and deep yellow vegetables and colorful fruits. They should offer desserts, sweets, sweetened beverages, and salty snacks only occasionally, offering nutrient-dense, age-appropriate foods as alternatives (eg, fruit, cheese, yogurt, and cereals). Water, milk, and 100% fruit juices should be offered as alternative beverages. Because family food choices influence what foods are offered to children, family-based approaches to developing healthy eating habits may be helpful.

Feeding infants and toddlers study: What foods are infants and toddlers eating?

Infants as young as 7 months of age showed food patterns that have been observed in older children and adults. From 18% to 33% of infants and toddlers between ages 7 and 24 months consumed no discrete servings of vegetables, and 23% to 33% consumed no fruits.

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods are Infants and Toddlers Eating?

any individuals contributed in important ways to this report. First, we thank Rebecca Maynard, former project director and co-principal investigator, whose hard work, creative thinking, and strong leadership during the evaluation's first several years made this study and report possible. We also thank Amy Johnson, who provided critical support throughout this study in numerous capacities, including her role as Deputy Project Director and Survey Director. We also thank the Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Program grantees who have generously allowed us to visit their programs, meet with staff, and observe their operations. Among these grantees, we are especially grateful to those who created and/or are directing the programs that are the focus of the study: Jacqueline Del Rosario with with Families United to Prevent Teen Pregnancy in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We also would like to thank the many school district staff in these communities who have supported the evaluation. We have consistently received outstanding guidance and support from members of the project's technical workgroup. Current members include Ware—have been generous in answering questions and offering advice. extremely valuable review of the study design. shared various responsibilities for the design and oversight of the survey and school records data collection. Peter Schochet and Alan Hershey provided many useful comments on drafts of the documents. William Garrett expertly produced this report. M iv Acknowledgments We are deeply grateful for the longstanding support of the staff at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services who oversee this project, especially to Meredith Kelsey, the project officer for this study,Neblett. They have accompanied us on site visits, worked with us to stay abreast of and respond quickly to emerging issues and concerns related to the study, and provided consistent support and guidance for the project. Although we gratefully acknowledge the input of these and many other individuals, we alone are responsible for any errors or omissions in the report. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or others. he enactment of Title V, Section 510 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 significantly increased the funding and prominence of abstinence education as an approach to promote sexual abstinence and healthy teen behavior. Since fiscal year 1998, the Title V, Section 510 program has allocated $50 million annually in federal funding …

/pdf/impacts-of-four-title-v-section-510-abstinence-education-34t5wwhyfv.pdf

Impacts of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Programs. Final Report.

Objectives To assess whether dietary intakes of infants and young toddlers show evidence of energy self-regulation. Design Data from 24-hour recalls collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study were analyzed. Multivariate regressions were used to explore the relationship between portion size and usual energy intake as well as the relationship between portion size, number of eating occasions, number of unique foods, and energy density. Subjects/Setting A national random sample of 3,022 US infants and toddlers 4 to 24 months of age. Statistical Analyses Performed To measure variability in portion size, an average portion size z score was computed for each child in the sample, across 45 different food groups. The number of eating occasions was defined as the total number of times a child had anything to eat or drink during the day, excluding eating occasions that included only water and/or supplements. The total number of unique foods in a day was defined as the number of unique food codes included in the 24-hour recall, and energy density was computed as kilocalories/gram, including all foods, beverages, and water. Linear regression models were used to assess the effect of portion size and other self-regulation mechanisms on energy intake and to assess the effect of these self-regulation mechanisms on portion size. Separate analyses were performed for three age groups: 4 to 5 months, 6 to 11 months, and 12 to 24 months. Results A significant negative association was found for all age groups between the number of eating occasions and average portion size z scores, indicating that children who eat less often during the day consume larger-than-average-portion sizes and children who eat more often during the day consume smaller-than-average portions. For infants (11 months and younger), a significant negative association was noted between energy density and average portion size z scores, indicating that, as the energy density of the diet goes down, infants consume larger-than-average portions and, as the energy density of the diet goes up, they consume smaller-than-average portions. Among infants 6 to 11 months, there was a significant positive relationship between portion size and the number of unique foods consumed. For toddlers, there was no association between average portion size z scores and energy density, suggesting that energy self-regulation mechanisms are diminished in this age group. Conclusions Our findings confirm the presence of energy self-regulation among infants and young toddlers. These findings can be used to assure parents and caregivers that infants have an innate ability to regulate energy intake. At the same time, it is important to educate parents and caregivers about the potential for environmental cues to diminish natural hunger-driven eating behaviors, even among young toddlers. Dietetics professionals should emphasize the potential adverse effects that coercive feeding behaviors can have on children's innate ability to regulate energy intake. This includes not only admonitions to "clean your plate," but overrestriction of intake that may be motivated by concerns that children are overeating.

Relationship between portion size and energy intake among infants and toddlers: evidence of self-regulation.

Objectives To assess the nutrient adequacy of the diets of US infants and toddlers 4 to 24 months of age. Design Descriptive analysis of the usual nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers using 24-hour recall data from the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study. Subjects A national random sample of 3,022 infants and toddlers, with 2 days of recall available for 703 sample members. Sample sizes by age were: infants 4 to 6 months (n=862), infants 7 to 11 months (n=1,162), and toddlers 12 to 24 months (n=998). Statistical analyses performed Using the personal computer version of the Software for Intake Distribution Estimation, we estimated (where applicable) the percentage of infants and toddlers with usual intakes below the estimated average requirement, compared the means of usual nutrient intake distributions with adequate intake levels, and compared the 99th percentile of usual intake distributions with tolerable upper intake levels. Results For infants under 12 months of age, mean usual intakes exceeded the adequate intake for all nutrients. For toddlers 12 to 24 months of age, the estimated prevalence of inadequacy was low for most nutrients; however, 58% of toddlers had usual vitamin E intakes less than the estimated average requirement. Mean energy intake exceeded the estimated energy requirement by 10% for infants 4 to 6 months, 23% for infants 7 to 12 months, and 31% for toddlers 12 to 24 months of age. The discrepancy between mean energy intake and the estimated energy requirement for infants 4 to 6 months of age was larger for infants fed solids than for infants consuming only breast milk or formula. Fiber intakes of toddlers were below the adequate intake. Applications Studies should examine whether parents overreport foods consumed by infants and toddlers, and whether infants and toddlers are consuming more energy than required. Additional research is indicated to substantiate some of the new Dietary Reference Intakes for infants and children 1 to 3 years of age.

Barbara Devaney

Papers

Feeding infants and toddlers study: What foods are infants and toddlers eating?

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods are Infants and Toddlers Eating?

Impacts of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Programs. Final Report.

Relationship between portion size and energy intake among infants and toddlers: evidence of self-regulation.

Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers