Author
Barbara Szmigielska
Bio: Barbara Szmigielska is an academic researcher from Jagiellonian University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Personality & Big Five personality traits. The author has an hindex of 10, co-authored 16 publications receiving 803 citations.
Papers
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National Institutes of Health1, Ghent University2, Tarbiat Modares University3, Pusan National University4, Ewha Womans University5, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile6, University of Tartu7, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)8, Sapienza University of Rome9, University of California, Riverside10, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic11, University of Zagreb12, Rutgers University13, University of Coimbra14, Slovak Academy of Sciences15, Queen's University Belfast16, University of Otago17, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin18, University of Buenos Aires19, Susquehanna University20, National University of Malaysia21, Iwate Prefectural University22, Makerere University23, Andhra University24, University of Lausanne25, Queensland University of Technology26, Bunkyo Gakuin University27, Jagiellonian University28, University of Sussex29, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology30
TL;DR: The authors found that cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes, and these associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes.
Abstract: College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
363 citations
Cornell University1, Duke University2, Tarbiat Modares University3, Pusan National University4, Ewha Womans University5, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile6, University of Tartu7, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)8, University of Zagreb9, Cayetano Heredia University10, Hampshire College11, Rutgers University12, Srinakharinwirot University13, The College of New Jersey14, University of Washington15, Slovak Academy of Sciences16, University of Maryland, College Park17, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic18, Koç University19, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin20, University of Buenos Aires21, University of Coimbra22, Susquehanna University23, National University of Malaysia24, Tokyo University of Social Welfare25, Makerere University26, University of Paris27, Queensland University of Technology28, Bunkyo Gakuin University29, Jagiellonian University30, Peking University31, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology32, Florida State University33
TL;DR: With advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures.
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
137 citations
National Institutes of Health1, Ghent University2, Cornell University3, University of Tartu4, Iwate Prefectural University5, Bunkyo Gakuin University6, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic7, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology8, Cayetano Heredia University9, University of Buenos Aires10, Pusan National University11, Ewha Womans University12, Jagiellonian University13, Hampshire College14, The College of New Jersey15, National University of Malaysia16, Makerere University17, San Diego Community College District18, Pompeu Fabra University19, University of Lausanne20, University of Zagreb21, University of Otago22, Susquehanna University23, Queen's University Belfast24, University of Sussex25, Peking University26, Queensland University of Technology27, University of Coimbra28, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin29, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile30, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)31, Andhra University32
TL;DR: The authors found that adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and openness.
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
88 citations
TL;DR: Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes.
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N = 5,109) aged 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, eight of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor, but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
72 citations
National Institutes of Health1, Ghent University2, Cornell University3, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic4, University of Tartu5, Estonian Academy of Sciences6, Iwate Prefectural University7, Bunkyo Gakuin University8, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology9, Slovak Academy of Sciences10, Cayetano Heredia University11, University of Buenos Aires12, Pusan National University13, Ewha Womans University14, Jagiellonian University15, Hampshire College16, The College of New Jersey17, National University of Malaysia18, University of Paris19, Makerere University20, San Diego Community College District21, Pompeu Fabra University22, University of Lausanne23, University of Zagreb24, University of Otago25, Susquehanna University26, Queen's University Belfast27, University of Sussex28, Sapienza University of Rome29, Peking University30, Queensland University of Technology31, University of Coimbra32, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin33, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile34, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)35, Florida State University36
TL;DR: This article provided arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and reported new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N = 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each.
58 citations
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TL;DR: Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World as discussed by the authors is a recent book about gender equality and cultural change around the world, focusing on women's empowerment and empowerment.
Abstract: Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World.
1,130 citations
TL;DR: The BFI-2 introduces a robust hierarchical structure, controls for individual differences in acquiescent responding, and provides greater bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power than the original BFI, while still retaining the original measure’s conceptual focus, brevity, and ease of understanding.
Abstract: [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 113(1) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2017-26058-001).In the article, all citations to McCrae and Costa (2008), except for the instance in which it appears in the first paragraph of the introduction, should instead appear as McCrae and Costa (2010). The complete citation should read as follows: McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2010). NEO Inventories professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. The attribution to the BFI-2 items that appears in the Table 6 note should read as follows: BFI-2 items adapted from "Conceptualization, Development, and Initial Validation of the Big Five Inventory-2," by C. J. Soto and O. P. John, 2015, Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Association for Research in Personality. Copyright 2015 by Oliver P. John and Christopher J. Soto. The complete citation in the References list should appear as follows: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2015, June). Conceptualization, development, and initial validation of the Big Five Inventory-2. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Association for Research in Personality, St. Louis, MO. Available from http://www.colby.edu/psych/personality-lab/ All versions of this article have been corrected. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Three studies were conducted to develop and validate the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2), a major revision of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Study 1 specified a hierarchical model of personality structure with 15 facet traits nested within the Big Five domains, and developed a preliminary item pool to measure this structure. Study 2 used conceptual and empirical criteria to construct the BFI-2 domain and facet scales from the preliminary item pool. Study 3 used data from 2 validation samples to evaluate the BFI-2's measurement properties and substantive relations with self-reported and peer-reported criteria. The results of these studies indicate that the BFI-2 is a reliable and valid personality measure, and an important advance over the original BFI. Specifically, the BFI-2 introduces a robust hierarchical structure, controls for individual differences in acquiescent responding, and provides greater bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power than the original BFI, while still retaining the original measure's conceptual focus, brevity, and ease of understanding. The BFI-2 therefore offers valuable new opportunities for research examining the structure, assessment, development, and life outcomes of personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
908 citations
529 citations
493 citations
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that when social groups were described with changes to their typical social roles in the future, their projected stereotypes were more influenced by these future roles than by their current group stereotypes, thus supporting social role theory's predictions about stereotype change.
Abstract: In applying social role theory to account for the content of a wide range of stereotypes, this research tests the proposition that observations of groups' roles determine stereotype content (Eagly & Wood, 2012). In a novel test of how stereotypes can develop from observations, preliminary research collected participants' beliefs about the occupational roles (e.g., lawyer, teacher, fast food worker, chief executive officer, store clerk, manager) in which members of social groups (e.g., Black women, Hispanics, White men, the rich, senior citizens, high school dropouts) are overrepresented relative to their numbers in the general population. These beliefs about groups' typical occupational roles proved to be generally accurate when evaluated in relation to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Then, correlational studies predicted participants' stereotypes of social groups from the attributes ascribed to group members' typical occupational roles (Studies 1a, 1b, and 1c), the behaviors associated with those roles (Study 2), and the occupational interest profile of the roles (Study 3). As predicted by social role theory, beliefs about the attributes of groups' typical roles were strongly related to group stereotypes on both communion and agency/competence. In addition, an experimental study (Study 4) demonstrated that when social groups were described with changes to their typical social roles in the future, their projected stereotypes were more influenced by these future roles than by their current group stereotypes, thus supporting social role theory's predictions about stereotype change. Discussion considers the implications of these findings for stereotype change and the relation of social role theory to other theories of stereotype content.
397 citations