The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

Geography and Trade

본 논문은 대한민국에서 시티즌쉽(citizenship)이 어떻게 발전했는가를 살펴보고 있다 특히 본 논문은 시티즌쉽을 시민권을 보장하는 제도와 시민의식으로 구분해서 대한민국 수립 이후 현재까지 제도로서의 시민권이 어떻게 발전했는가를 분석하고, 그와의 관계 속에서 현재 시민의식을 실증적으로 분석하고 그 특징을 역사적으로 설명함으로써 우리나라 시민사회의 현주소를 객관적으로 이해하는데 이바지하고자 한다 본 연구에 따르면, 한국 시민권은 1987년 6월 항쟁과 그 이후 이루어진 민주화로 인해 1990년대 이후 상당히 발전했으면, 이처럼 시민의 투쟁으로 얻어진 시민권 제도의 발전은 한국 시민의식이 능동적이고 개방적이며 개인의 가치를 존중하는 방향으로 발전하는데 매우 긍정적인 효과를 미친 것으로 보인다

한국 시티즌쉽(citizenship)

Regional economic divergence has become a threat to economic progress, social cohesion and political stability in Europe. Market processes and policies that are supposed to spread prosperity and opportunity are no longer sufficiently effective. The evidence points to the existence of several different modes of regional economic performance in Europe, responding to different development challenges and opportunities. Both mainstream and heterodox theories have gaps in their ability to explain the existence of these different regional trajectories and the weakness of the convergence processes among them. Therefore, a different approach is required, one that strengthens Europe’s strongest regions but develops new approaches to promote opportunity in industrial declining and less-developed regions. There is ample new theory and evidence to support such an approach, which we have labelled ‘place-sensitive distributed development policy’.

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Regional inequality in Europe: evidence, theory and policy implications

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Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy

In spring 2012, Forbes Magazine reported that there were 1153 billionaires across the globe (this figure includes families, but excludes fortunes dispersed across large families where the average wealth per person is below a billion). The total wealth of the billionaires was US$3.7 trillion – as great as the annual gross domestic product of Germany. Top of this league table is the US with 424 billionaires (or billionaire families), followed by Russia (96) and China (95). Looking at data collected by WealthInsight – which published more detailed statistics on the geographic distribution of 521 of the wealthiest billionaires – we can see that the plutocrats’ global city of choice is Moscow with 78 billionaire residents, followed by New York City (58), Hong Kong (40), and London (39). The most attractive place for foreign wealth appears to be the United Kingdom with 15 different nationalities represented in the richest of the rich there. This tops even Switzerland (14 nationalities) and the United States (9). Much of the wealth of billionaires is held offshore and their wealth is the tip of an iceberg of hard-to-tax personal assets. In a recent Tax Justice Network report, James Henry estimated the overall global offshore financial assets held by the world’s richest to be between US$21 trillion and US$32 trillion (out of the total global wealth, estimated at US$231 trillion). Nearly half of these offshore assets are owned by the world’s richest 91,000, just 0.001 per cent of the global population. The distribution of this wealth is a story of extreme inequality. For each billionaire there are millions of people who can only ever dream of such wealth – the ratio is only slightly smaller in the richest countries of the world: in the USA one billionaire can be found for every 740,000 people, while in India one billionaire is found amongst every 26 million people. Over time the inequalities in the distribution of global wealth have become ever more polarised. According to data by the United Nations University (UNU-WIDER) in 2009 half of all global household wealth was owned by the richest 2 per cent of adults. The poorer half of the world’s population owned just 1 per cent of the global wealth between all of them. Their distribution is the reverse image of the wealth maps shown here. But it is not only wealth inequality that becomes very apparent in these numbers. The gender gap is large among the rich: Of the countries with more than 10 billionaires, Sweden is the most equal. But even here only 27 per cent of billionaires are female, followed by Germany (20 per cent) and Brazil (19 per cent). Russia, home to the second largest number of billionaires, only has one woman in the ranking, and the USA is not much better with only 10 per cent of the country’s billionaires female. Thirty-seven of the 59 countries shown here have no female billionaires at all.

The World's Billionaires

Analysing the regional geography of poverty, austerity and inequality in Europe: a human cartographic perspective. Regional Studies. This paper presents a human cartographic approach to the analysis of the impact of austerity and the economic crisis across Europe’s regions. It reflects on past insights and debates on the analysis and mapping of poverty and wealth, and of the effects of austerity in particular. It then presents a wide range of cartograms highlighting social and spatial inequalities across Europe. Finally, the paper highlights the increasingly important role of the field of regional studies in current debates about the future of the European project and of the possibility of a Europe of regions rather than a Europe of nation-states.

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Analysing the regional geography of poverty, austerity and inequality in Europe: a human cartographic perspective

Statistical analysis can be used to interpret and give meaning to data, however, the ability to interpret large quantities of data and it's resulting statistical reporting is not always straightforward. Graphical representations such as graphs and maps are a way of translating or converting data into a visual interpretation.

Commonly used world maps are imperfect and contain distortions to allow a spherical reality to be represented in 2-dimensions. This distortion can be manipulated to produce a world map that gives each defined area (country or region) a size proportional to its population.1 

Cartograms are used to effectively map socioeconomic data and can be effective means of …

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The global inverse care law: a distorted map of blindness

We need new maps is the central claim made in this book. In a world increasingly influenced by human action and interaction, we still rely heavily on mapping techniques that were invented to discover unknown places and explore our physical environment. Although the traditional concept of a map is currently being revived in digital environments, the underlying mapping approaches are not capable of making the complexity of human-environment relationships fully comprehensible. Starting from how people can be put on the map in new ways, this book outlines the development of a novel technique that stretches a map according to quantitative data, such as population. The new maps are called gridded cartograms as the method is based on a grid onto which a density-equalising cartogram technique is applied. The underlying grid ensures the preservation of an accurate geographic reference to the real world. It allows the gridded cartograms to be used as basemaps onto which other information can be mapped. This applies to any geographic information from the human and physical environment. As demonstrated through the examples presented in this book, the new maps are not limited to showing population as a defining element for the transformation, but can show any quantitative geospatial data, such as wealth, rainfall, or even the environmental conditions of the oceans. The new maps also work at various scales, from a global perspective down to the scale of urban environments. The gridded cartogram technique is proposed as a new global and local map projection that is a viable and versatile alternative to other conventional map projections. The maps based on this technique open up a wide range of potential new applications to rediscover the diverse geographies of the world. They have the potential to allow us to gain new perspectives through detailed cartographic depictions.

Rediscovering the World: Map Transformations of Human and Physical Space

This report notes that, despite commitments by European Union (EU) Member States to promote equity in education and training, major geographic disparities persist in educational opportunities and outcomes, across but also within EU Member States and regions. Its aim is to support policy makers in their efforts to design effective measures to redress these disparities. It contains over 100 maps that help visualise inequalities. It identifies the top 10 and bottom 10 EU regions for each of the indicators it examines.

Benjamin D. Hennig

Papers

The World's Billionaires

Analysing the regional geography of poverty, austerity and inequality in Europe: a human cartographic perspective

The global inverse care law: a distorted map of blindness

Rediscovering the World: Map Transformations of Human and Physical Space

Mind the Gap: Education Inequality Across EU Regions