자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners.

In this article, the authors describe how they used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice. The methodological approach integrated data-driven codes with theory-driven ones based on the tenets of social phenomenology. The authors present a detailed exemplar of the staged process of data coding and identification of themes. This process demonstrates how analysis of the raw data from interview transcripts and organizational documents progressed toward the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback as described by participants in the study.

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Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development

How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

BACKGROUND Interviews are among the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data. The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation among interviewing approaches. Unlike the highly structured survey interviews and questionnaires used in epidemiology and most health services research, we examine less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved. PURPOSE In this article we briefly review the more common qualitative interview methods and then focus on the widely used individual face-to-face in-depth interview, which seeks to foster learning about individual experiences and perspectives on a given set of issues. We discuss methods for conducting in-depth interviews and consider relevant ethical issues with particular regard to the rights and protection of the participants.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x

The qualitative research interview

Introduction - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Clinical Research - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap PART TWO: DISCOVERY: DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry - Anton J Kuzel Participant Observation - Stephen P Bogdewic Key Informant Interviews - Valerie J Gilchrist and Robert L Williams Depth Interviewing - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree The Use of Focus Groups in Clinical Research - Judith Belle Brown PART THREE: INTERPRETATION: STRATEGIES OF ANALYSIS The Dance of Interpretation - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Grounded Hermeneutic Editing Approach - Richard B Addison Using Codes and Code Manuals - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Template Organizing Style of Interpretation Immersion/Crystallization - Jeffrey Borkan Data Management and Interpretation Using Computers To Assist - Lynn M Meadows and Diane M Dodendorf PART FOUR: SPECIAL DESIGNS Narrative Approaches to Qualitative Research in Primary Care - Jessica H Muller Using Video Tapes in Qualitative Research - Virginia Elderkin-Thompson and Howard Waitzkin An Armchair Adventure in Case Study Research - Virginia A Aita and Helen E McIlvain Participatory Inquiry - Janecke Thesen and Anton J Kuzel PART FIVE: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Researching Practice Settings - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Case Study Approach Making Changes with Key Questions in Medical Practices - Kirsti Malterud Studying What Makes a Difference PART SIX: SUMMARY Standards of Qualitative Research - Richard M Frankel Qualitative Research - Lucy M Candib, Kurt C Stange and Wendy Levinson Perspectives on the Future

Doing qualitative research.

Doing qualitative research

PURPOSE We wanted to review and synthesize published criteria for good qualitative research and develop a cogent set of evaluative criteria. METHODS We identified published journal articles discussing criteria for rigorous research using standard search strategies then examined reference sections of relevant journal articles to identify books and book chapters on this topic. A cross-publication content analysis allowed us to identify criteria and understand the beliefs that shape them. RESULTS Seven criteria for good qualitative research emerged: (1) carrying out ethical research; (2) importance of the research; (3) clarity and coherence of the research report; (4) use of appropriate and rigorous methods; (5) importance of reflexivity or attending to researcher bias; (6) importance of establishing validity or credibility; and (7) importance of verification or reliability. General agreement was observed across publications on the first 4 quality dimensions. On the last 3, important divergent perspectives were observed in how these criteria should be applied to qualitative research, with differences based on the paradigm embraced by the authors. CONCLUSION Qualitative research is not a unified field. Most manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts and are likely to embrace a generic set of criteria rather than those relevant to the particular qualitative approach proposed or reported. Reviewers and researchers need to be aware of this tendency and educate health care researchers about the criteria appropriate for evaluating qualitative research from within the theoretical and methodological framework from which it emerges.

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Benjamin F. Crabtree

Papers

The qualitative research interview

Doing qualitative research.

Doing qualitative research

Evaluative Criteria for Qualitative Research in Health Care: Controversies and Recommendations

A Template Approach to Text Analysis: Developing and Using Codebooks