The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)

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The chemistry of graphene oxide

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

The hydrogen bond is the most important of all directional intermolecular interactions. It is operative in determining molecular conformation, molecular aggregation, and the function of a vast number of chemical systems ranging from inorganic to biological. Research into hydrogen bonds experienced a stagnant period in the 1980s, but re-opened around 1990, and has been in rapid development since then. In terms of modern concepts, the hydrogen bond is understood as a very broad phenomenon, and it is accepted that there are open borders to other effects. There are dozens of different types of X-H.A hydrogen bonds that occur commonly in the condensed phases, and in addition there are innumerable less common ones. Dissociation energies span more than two orders of magnitude (about 0.2-40 kcal mol(-1)). Within this range, the nature of the interaction is not constant, but its electrostatic, covalent, and dispersion contributions vary in their relative weights. The hydrogen bond has broad transition regions that merge continuously with the covalent bond, the van der Waals interaction, the ionic interaction, and also the cation-pi interaction. All hydrogen bonds can be considered as incipient proton transfer reactions, and for strong hydrogen bonds, this reaction can be in a very advanced state. In this review, a coherent survey is given on all these matters.

The hydrogen bond in the solid state.

The transition metal dichalcogenides are about 60 in number. Two-thirds of these assume layer structures. Crystals of such materials can be cleaved down to less than 1000 A and are then transparent in the region of direct band-to-band transitions. The transmission spectra of the family have been correlated group by group with the wide range of electrical and structural data available to yield useful working band models that are in accord with a molecular orbital approach. Several special topics have arisen; these include exciton screening, d-band formation, and the metal/insulator transition; also magnetism and superconductivity in such compounds. High pressure work seems to offer the possibility for testing the recent theory of excitonic insulators.

The transition metal dichalcogenides discussion and interpretation of the observed optical, electrical and structural properties

Copper is an essential trace element in living systems, present in the parts per million concentration range. It is a key cofactor in a diverse array of biological oxidation-reduction reactions. These involve either outer-sphere electron transfer, as in the blue copper proteins and the Cu{sub A} site of cytochrome oxidase and nitrous oxide redutase, or inner-sphere electron transfer in the binding, activation, and reduction of dioxygen, superoxide, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. Copper sites have historically been divided into three classes based on their spectroscopic features, which reflect the geometric and electronic structure of the active site: type 1 (T1) or blue copper, type 2 (T2) or normal copper, and type 3 (T3) or coupled binuclear copper centers. 428 refs.

Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases

Method for determining hydrolytic enzymes (A) by (i) treating a test sample with a derivative (B), hydrolyzable by (A), of the ligand bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-(2-hydroxybenzyl)amine (I); (ii) adding a solution of terbium(III) salt and (iii) evaluating the reaction by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Determining hydrolytic enzymes, useful e.g. for detecting immunoassay labels, using fluorescence from terbium chelate of bis(pyridylmethyl)-(2-hydroxybenzyl)amine

Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes. Part 51. 1-Metalla-1, 3,5-trienes and 1-Metalla-1,3-dien-5-ynes of Chromium and Tungsten by Insertion of Alkynes into M=C and C=C Bonds of 1-Metalla-1,3-dienes and 1-Metalla-1-en-3-ynes, Respectively.

Bis(chlorosulfur)nitrogen cation n(scl)2

Tl3BS3 (1) and Tl3BSe3 (2) were prepared as black crystalline phases by reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the elements at 800–950 °C and subsequent annealing at 400-200 °C. They are the first orthothio- and orthoselenoborates which have been characterized. According to single-crystal structure analyses, they contain trigonal planar BS33− (B-S bond length 1.83 A) and BSe33− groups (B-Se bond length 1.95 A). There are two structurally different thallium atoms in the structure with irregular 6 + 1- or 6 + 2-coordination by sulphur (selenium), the inert electron pair at Tl+ showing strong stereochemical activity. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 are isotypic to each other but not isotypic to any other M3AB3 structure. They are monoclinic, space group P2 1 m , with a = 5.444, b = 9.699, c = 6.690 A , β = 98.13δ for 1; and a = 5.547, b = 10.099, c = 6.852 A , β = 97.59° for 2, Z = 2. Vibrational spectra, mass spectra and thermoanalytic results for 1 and 2 are reported.

ortho-Thioborates and ortho-Selenoborates: Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Tl3BS3 and Tl3BSe3.

Organic Syntheses via Transition‐Metal Complexes. Part 54. Cyclopentadienes from 1‐Metalla‐1,3‐dienes and Alkynes by Cyclization of Intermediate 1‐Metalla‐1,3,5‐trienes (Metal = Tungsten).

Bernt Krebs

Papers

Determining hydrolytic enzymes, useful e.g. for detecting immunoassay labels, using fluorescence from terbium chelate of bis(pyridylmethyl)-(2-hydroxybenzyl)amine

Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes. Part 51. 1-Metalla-1, 3,5-trienes and 1-Metalla-1,3-dien-5-ynes of Chromium and Tungsten by Insertion of Alkynes into M=C and C=C Bonds of 1-Metalla-1,3-dienes and 1-Metalla-1-en-3-ynes, Respectively.

Bis(chlorosulfur)nitrogen cation n(scl)2

ortho-Thioborates and ortho-Selenoborates: Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Tl3BS3 and Tl3BSe3.

Organic Syntheses via Transition‐Metal Complexes. Part 54. Cyclopentadienes from 1‐Metalla‐1,3‐dienes and Alkynes by Cyclization of Intermediate 1‐Metalla‐1,3,5‐trienes (Metal = Tungsten).