http://amborella.net/2010PlantSystematics/DATA/3-24-APG%202003%20Bot%20J%20Linn%20Soc%20APGII.pdf

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

I. the origin of species by means of natural selection

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

ROS signaling: the new wave?

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(04)00297-3.pdf

MYB–bHLH–WD40 protein complex and the evolution of cellular diversity

Biological communication by means of structural color has existed for at least 500 million years. Structural color is commonly observed in the animal kingdom, but has been little studied in plants. We present a striking example of multilayer-based strong iridescent coloration in plants, in the fruit of Pollia condensata. The color is caused by Bragg reflection of helicoidally stacked cellulose microfibrils that form multilayers in the cell walls of the epicarp. We demonstrate that animals and plants have convergently evolved multilayer-based photonic structures to generate colors using entirely distinct materials. The bright blue coloration of this fruit is more intense than that of any previously described biological material. Uniquely in nature, the reflected color differs from cell to cell, as the layer thicknesses in the multilayer stack vary, giving the fruit a striking pixelated or pointillist appearance. Because the multilayers form with both helicoidicities, optical characterization reveals that the reflected light from every epidermal cell is polarized circularly either to the left or to the right, a feature that has never previously been observed in a single tissue.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/39/15712.full.pdf

Pointillist structural color in Pollia fruit

Flower colour is determined primarily by the production of pigments, usually anthocyanins or carotenoids, but the shade and intensity of the colour are often changed by other factors such as vacuolar compounds, pH and metal ions. Pigmentation can also be affected by the shape of epidermal cells, especially those facing prospective pollinators. A conical shape is believed to increase the proportion of incident light that enters the epidermal cells, enhancing light absorption by the floral pigments, and thus the intensity of their colour. We have identified a gene (mixta) that affects the intensity of pigmentation of epidermal cells in Antirrhinum majus petals. The cells of the corolla lobes fail to differentiate into their normal conical form in mixta mutants. We have cloned the mixta gene by transposon tagging; its sequence reveals that it encodes a Myb-related protein that probably participates in the transcriptional control of epidermal cell shape.

Flower colour intensity depends on specialized cell shape controlled by a Myb-related transcription factor.

Iridescence, the change in hue of a surface with varying observation angles, is used by insects, birds, fish, and reptiles for species recognition and mate selection. We identified iridescence in flowers of Hibiscus trionum and Tulipa species and demonstrated that iridescence is generated through diffraction gratings that might be widespread among flowering plants. Although iridescence might be expected to increase attractiveness, it might also compromise target identification because the object9s appearance will vary depending on the viewer9s perspective. We found that bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) learn to disentangle flower iridescence from color and correctly identify iridescent flowers despite their continuously changing appearance. This ability is retained in the absence of cues from polarized light or ultraviolet reflectance associated with diffraction gratings.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/323/5910/130.full.pdf

Floral iridescence, produced by diffractive optics, acts as a cue for animal pollinators.

A MYB-related transcription factor (MIXTA) that controls development of conical cell form is expressed only in the inner epidermis of Antirrhinum petals Expression of this gene throughout transgenic tobacco plants leads to excess numbers of multicellular trichomes on leaves and floral organs as well as the novel production of conical cells on leaves These data indicate that conical cells and trichomes are produced by a common developmental pathway The timing of MIXTA expression suggests that the choice between the cell types depends on the competence for cell division at the time at which the controlling gene is expressed Duplication of genes and their association with different cis-regulatory regions may therefore result in the specification of novel plant cell types

Beverley J. Glover

Papers

MYB–bHLH–WD40 protein complex and the evolution of cellular diversity

Pointillist structural color in Pollia fruit

Flower colour intensity depends on specialized cell shape controlled by a Myb-related transcription factor.

Floral iridescence, produced by diffractive optics, acts as a cue for animal pollinators.

Development of several epidermal cell types can be specified by the same MYB-related plant transcription factor