Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality

Introduction to Islamic Finance

Islamic Financial Systems

We give a brief review of superconductivity at ambient pressure in elements, alloys, and simple three-dimensional compounds. Historically these were the first superconducting materials studied, and based on the experimental knowledge gained from them the BCS theory of superconductivity was developed in 1957. Extended to include the effect of phonon retardation, the theory is believed to describe the subset of superconducting materials known as ‘conventional superconductors’, where superconductivity is caused by the electron–phonon interaction. These include the elements, alloys and simple compounds discussed in this article and several other classes of materials discussed in other articles in this Special Issue.

Superconductivity in the elements, alloys and simple compounds

The entire economic scheme developed under the guiding principles of Shari’ah (Islamic Law) envisages an internally balanced system of economy that neither accepts capitalism nor communism in totality. According to the laws, the realization of justice (a’dl) and wellbeing (falah), i.e., the means to seek blessings of God (fadhl al-Allah), determines its principal objectives (maqasid). Nevertheless, the economic structures adopted by the contemporary Muslim societies, in general, are incoherent with the economic philosophy of Islam. They are practically disconnected from the mechanics and efficiency of Islam’s equity instruments and philanthropic institutions. Consequently, as per Marx’s class conflict theory, economic inequality has spread its roots and traumatized the dynamics of participatory economics, distributive justice, and social equality. Factors such as non-inclusive economics, exploitation as a market principle, and concentration of wealth in few pockets have completely transformed Muslim economies into “capitalist” ones. After conducting critical researches vis-a-vis this paradigm shift in the Muslim world, highbrow Muslim intellectuals have reached to this point that alongside with interest-based means of financial intermediation, non-functionality of philanthropic institutions such zakat and baitulmal has practically divided the society into privileged and deprived classes. The economic advantage of “privileged class” over “deprived class” has become one of the major stumbling blocks in the way of achieving welfare and social justice. Under such vulnerable conditions, it is being argued that “reinstitutionalization” of zakat, both at civil society and state level, is the means to provide socio-economic insurance to those who are otherwise neglected. By facilitating the “constructive channelization” of wealth from “privileged class” to “deprived class”, institution of zakat has the potentiality to overcome the problems like relative deprivation, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and so on. In this context, giving of zakat must not be seen merely as a religious obligation; on the contrary, it must be examined in relation to its socio-economic effects. The present research is an attempt to answer the question regarding how reinstitutionalization of zakat can help in the minimization of poverty rate and promotion of socio-economic justice in contemporary “unbalanced” Muslim societies.
Keywords: Islamic Economics, Zakat, Social Justice, Poverty, Economic Growth

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Philanthropy in Practice: Role of Zakat in the Realization of Justice and Economic Growth

Magneto transport study of YBCO: Ag composites

Enhancement of the critical current density in YBCO/Ag composites

Secure data transmission in IoTs based on CLoG edge detection

Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising multicarrier-modulation-technique and is an eminent alternative for the fourth-generation wireless communication system (4G), as it offers high spectral efficiency, multipath propagation, the frequency selective fading channels are protected and efficient power efficiency. Yet, OFDM is certainly not a right contender for 5G as it isn’t fit for supporting the various applications 5G is going to offer and 4G wireless communication techniques go through from the limitations of High Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR), Cyclic Prefix (CP) and sideband leakage is another limitation of OFDM. Objectives:: Our intention is to design an innovative waveform having great spectral-efficacy and less PAPR for 5G Wireless-Communication System. Techniques /Analysis: In this paper, distinctive subcarriers and QAM regulation methods are used to evaluate the PAPR of numerous multicarrier modulation techniques like OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation (FBMC), Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), etc. Findings: Because of the presence of CP, the spectral-efficacy of OFDM is poor rather than the FBMC and UFMC and consequently can be enriched by FBMC and UFMC. CP can also be eliminated by making use of the independent filters for individual subcarriers and intensification in the subcarriers moderates the PAPR further. Improvements: On comparing various multicarrier modulation techniques like OFDM, FBMC, UFMC, etc. It is concluded that UFMC is an improved waveform technique for future wireless communication technique (5G) having less PAPR and PAPR can be additionally diminished by applying the optimization procedures.

Bilal A. Malik

Papers

Philanthropy in Practice: Role of Zakat in the Realization of Justice and Economic Growth

Magneto transport study of YBCO: Ag composites

Enhancement of the critical current density in YBCO/Ag composites

Secure data transmission in IoTs based on CLoG edge detection

FBMC and UFMC: The Modulation Techniques for 5G