The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds having negative dielectric anisotropy (Δe), which contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula I, II A and II B and at least one compound of the formula I* in which R0, R1, R2, R1*, X1, X2, A1, A1*, A2*, Z1, Z1*, Z2*, L1*, L2*, p, q, v, m and m* are as defined in Claim 1, and to the use thereof for an active-matrix display based on the ECB, VA, PS-VA, FFS, PALC or IPS effect.

Liquid Crystalline Medium

Liquid crystals (LCs) were used to amplify and transduce receptor-mediated binding of proteins at surfaces into optical outputs. Spontaneously organized surfaces were designed so that protein molecules, upon binding to ligands hosted on these surfaces, triggered changes in the orientations of 1- to 20-micrometer-thick films of supported LCs, thus corresponding to a reorientation of ∼10 5 to 10 6 mesogens per protein. Binding-induced changes in the intensity of light transmitted through the LC were easily seen with the naked eye and could be further amplified by using surfaces designed so that protein-ligand recognition causes twisted nematic LCs to untwist. This approach to the detection of ligand-receptor binding does not require labeling of the analyte, does not require the use of electroanalytical apparatus, provides a spatial resolution of micrometers, and is sufficiently simple that it may find use in biochemical assays and imaging of spatially resolved chemical libraries.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/279/5359/2077.full.pdf

Optical Amplification of Ligand-Receptor Binding Using Liquid Crystals

This paper reviews the extended Cauchy model and the four-parameter model for describing the wavelength and temperature effects of liquid crystal (LC) refractive indices. The refractive indices of nine commercial LCs, MLC-9200-000, MLC-9200-100, MLC-6608, MLC-6241-000, 5PCH, 5CB, TL-216, E7, and E44 are measured by the Multi-wavelength Abbe Refractometer. These experimental data are used to validate the theoretical models. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.

/pdf/refractive-indices-of-liquid-crystals-for-display-2sfwqek3lx.pdf

Refractive indices of liquid crystals for display applications

Liquid crystal (LC) media based on a mixture of polar compounds having negative dielectric anisotropy, their use in electro-optical displays, especially those having active matrix addressing based on the ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) or VA (vertically aligned) mode or similar modes, and LC displays of these types, are described.

Liquid crystal medium

Phase transitions in liquid crystals

Surface alignment of liquid crystals, T. Uchida and H. Sek interaction of electric field with liquid crystals, M.G. Clark dichroic LCDs, B. Bahadur optical computing, N. Clark and C. Johnson other types of LCDs, S. Kobayashi and A. Mochizuki thermochromic liquid crystals, I. Sage liquid crystal polymers, H. Finkelmann et al.

Liquid Crystals — Applications and Uses

A light system is disclosed that may be used as a dual-mode LCD backlight. The light system includes a fluorescent lamp and a secondary light source that is attached to or formed upon an outer surface of the fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent lamp diffuses the light of the secondary light source.

Dual-mode LCD backlight

— A robust, repeatable, low-cost lamination process that utilizes pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) to directly bond substrates to displays, such as LC, OLED, plasma, and electrophoretic displays, has been developed. These substrates can vary in intent and serve as protective covers, reflection mitigation, heaters, filters, touch screens, environmental barriers, etc. The resultant assembly is very rugged (shock, impact, and vibration resistant), while maximizing optical performance. This paper briefly describes the traditional liquid bonding technologies and compares them to dry-film bonding. A section of the paper focuses on the enhanced optical and environmental performances of dry-film bonded displays. This paper may also serve as a brief review of optical-bonding technologies.

/pdf/direct-dry-film-optical-bonding-a-low-cost-robust-and-2teckjvdtk.pdf

Direct dry film optical bonding - A low-cost, robust, and scalable display lamination technology

https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.2637-496X.2013.tb00631.x

Direct-Dry-Film Optical Bonding: Finding New Applications

A touch screen for LCDs which uses a plurality of shockwave detectors disposed around the periphery of the viewing area to detect the location of a touch or tap which is the point of origin of an expanding shockwave.

Birendra Bahadur

Papers

Liquid Crystals — Applications and Uses

Dual-mode LCD backlight

Direct dry film optical bonding - A low-cost, robust, and scalable display lamination technology

Direct-Dry-Film Optical Bonding: Finding New Applications

Method and apparatus for data entry for a liquid crystal display