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Author

Bo Sander

Bio: Bo Sander is an academic researcher from DONG Energy. The author has contributed to research in topics: Fly ash & Coal. The author has an hindex of 15, co-authored 34 publications receiving 841 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2007-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the interaction between coal and straw ash and the effect of coal quality on fly ash and deposit properties, straw was co-fired with three kinds of coal in an entrained flow reactor.

174 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a pretreatment process based on pyrolysis and char wash was investigated for co-firing of straw and coal in existing pulverised coal-fired boilers is an option for biomass based power generation.
Abstract: Co-firing of straw and coal in existing pulverised coal-fired boilers is an option for biomass based power generation. However, the high chlorine and potassium content of straw may cause problems. Experiments with co-combustion of straw and coal in power plants have shown that when a moderate amount of straw is applied (up to 20% on a thermal basis), the most serious problems are deactivation of SCR catalysts applied for NO reduction and deterioration of the fly ash quality caused by potassium. To prevent these problems a pretreatment process is required in which the heating value of the straw is supplied to the boiler without introducing potassium into the furnace chamber. A pretreatment process based on pyrolysis and char wash was investigated. Straw is pyrolysed at moderate temperatures at which the potassium is retained in the char. Potassium and residual chlorine are then extracted from the char by water, and char and pyrolysis gases may be co-fired with coal. Fundamental laboratory studies and technical investigations were conducted to evaluate the pretreatment concept. The investigations indicate, that the low temperature pyrolysis of straw can be performed in a circulating fluid bed reactor applying only straw and straw char as bed material. With a bed temperature of approximately 550°C no significant amount of potassium is released to the gas phase. Applying a counter current moving bed to the char potassium extraction with water will probably be advantageous.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, wheat straw chars were experimentally investigated in the laboratory to determine the extraction time of potassium and chlorine during char wash with water and a mathematical model describing the extraction was developed.
Abstract: A pretreatment process to remove potassium from straw fuel may be based on pyrolysis followed by char wash. The straw is pyrolysed at moderate temperatures at which the potassium is retained in the char. Potassium and residual chlorine are extracted from the residual char by water. Char and pyrolysis gases may then be used in a conventional boiler without problems due to the high straw potassium content. To evaluate this pretreatment process knowledge about the char wash process is needed. In this study wheat straw chars were experimentally investigated in the laboratory to determine the extraction time of potassium and chlorine during char wash with water. The influence of particle size, water temperature, straw type, potassium content in water and pyrolysis conditions were investigated. Based on the experimental data a mathematical model describing the extraction, was developed. The laboratory experiments showed that three fractions of potassium in the straw reacted differently: 35–58% of the char potassium was dissolved very fast, followed by a secondary slow potassium release that was strongly influenced by particle sizes, water temperature, char type and water KCl content. The residual 5–10% of the char potassium remains in the char and could not be removed with pure water.

89 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2011-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of additives such as NaCl, PVC, ammonium sulphate, and kaolinite on co-combustion of bituminous coal and a solid recovered fuel was investigated.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2013-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, coal fly ash was used to remove the alkali species in fly ash and fly ash deposits during coal combustion in a full-scale power plant boiler of 800 MW.

77 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural, proximate and ultimate analyses of biomass and wastes differ considerably, some properties of the biomass samples such as the hydrogen content, the sulfur content and the ignition temperatures changed in a narrow interval.

1,403 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarize the knowledge of the production and properties of charcoal that has been accumulated over the past 38 millenia and summarize the potential of charcoal as a renewable fuel.
Abstract: In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the production and properties of charcoal that has been accumulated over the past 38 millenia. The manipulation of pressure, moisture content, and gas flow enables biomass carbonization with fixed-carbon yields that approachor attainthe theoretical limit after reaction times of a few tens of minutes. Much of the heat needed to carbonize the feed is released by vigorous, exothermic secondary reactions that reduce the formation of unwanted tars by augmenting the charcoal yield in a well-designed carbonizer. As a renewable fuel, charcoal has many attractive features: it contains virtually no sulfur or mercury and is low in nitrogen and ash; it is highly reactive yet easy to store and handle. Carbonized charcoal can be a good adsorbent with a large surface area and a semimetal with an electrical resistivity comparable to that of graphite. Recent advances in knowledge about the production and properties of charcoal presage its expanded use as a renewable fuel, red...

1,402 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the production of activated carbons from agricultural residues is presented, and the effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis stage are reviewed.
Abstract: A review of the production of activated carbons from agricultural residues is presented. The effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis stage are reviewed. Influences of activating conditions, physical and chemical, on the active carbon properties are discussed. Under certain process conditions several active carbons with BET surface areas, ranging between 250 and 2410 m 2 /g and pore volumes of 0.022 and 91.4 cm 3 /g, have been produced. A comparison in characteristics and uses of activated carbons from agricultural residues with those issued from tires, and commercial carbons, have been made. A review is carried out of the reaction kinetic modelling, applied to pyrolysis of agricultural wastes and activation of their pyrolytic char.

1,203 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Nov 2012-Energies
TL;DR: More than two hundred publications have been reviewed, discussed and summarized, with the emphasis being placed on the current status of pyrolysis technology and its potential for commercial applications for bio-fuel production as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: There has been an enormous amount of research in recent years in the area of thermo-chemical conversion of biomass into bio-fuels (bio-oil, bio-char and bio-gas) through pyrolysis technology due to its several socio-economic advantages as well as the fact it is an efficient conversion method compared to other thermo-chemical conversion technologies. However, this technology is not yet fully developed with respect to its commercial applications. In this study, more than two hundred publications are reviewed, discussed and summarized, with the emphasis being placed on the current status of pyrolysis technology and its potential for commercial applications for bio-fuel production. Aspects of pyrolysis technology such as pyrolysis principles, biomass sources and characteristics, types of pyrolysis, pyrolysis reactor design, pyrolysis products and their characteristics and economics of bio-fuel production are presented. It is found from this study that conversion of biomass to bio-fuel has to overcome challenges such as understanding the trade-off between the size of the pyrolysis plant and feedstock, improvement of the reliability of pyrolysis reactors and processes to become viable for commercial applications. Further study is required to achieve a better understanding of the economics of biomass pyrolysis for bio-fuel production, as well as resolving issues related to the capabilities of this technology in practical application.

1,020 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the major issues concerned with biomass combustion with special reference to the small scale fluidized bed systems (small to pilot scale). Problems have been identified, mechanisms explained and solutions have been indicated.

1,012 citations