The article contains sections titled: 

1	Introduction	
2	Furfural	
21	Properties	
211	Physical Properties	
212	Chemical Properties	
22	Resources and Raw Materials	
23	Production	
231	Chemistry of Furfural Production	
232	Production of Furfural	
24	Uses and Economic Aspects	
25	Quality Specifications, Transportation, Toxicology	
3	Furfuryl Alcohol	
31	Properties	
311	Physical Properties	
312	Chemical Properties	
32	Resources and Raw Materials	
33	Production	
34	Uses and Economic Aspects	
35	Quality Specifications, Transportation, Toxicology	
4	Furan	
41	Properties	
42	Production	
43	Uses, Economic Aspects, Transportation, Toxicology	
5	Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol	
51	Properties	
52	Production	
53	Uses, Economic Aspects, Transportation, Toxicology	
6	Furfurylamine and Tetrahydrofurfurylamine	
7	Methylfuran and Methyltetrahydrofuran	
8	Furoic acid	
 	 	
 	 	
 	 	




This article discusses the properties, production, and industrial uses of furfural and compounds derived from furfural on a commercial basis The only commercial route to furfural is acid-catalyzed digestion of pentosan sugars in biomass Nowadays, furfural is the sole precursor for all compounds containing a furyl, furfuryl, furoyl, or furfurylidene radical in the chemical industry 





Detailed information is given on the production, properties, and economical aspects of furfural [98-01-1] and furfuryl alcohol [98-00-0], and the most important specialty chemicals derived from furfural and furfuryl alcohol are summarized: furan [110-00-9], tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol [97-99-4], 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran [110-87-2], furfurylamine [617-89-0], tetrahydrofurfurylamine [4795-29-3], 2-methylfuran [534-22-5], 2-methyltetrahydrofuran [96-47-9], and furoic acid [88-14-2]

Furfural and Derivatives

The use of indium based catalysts in organic synthetic transformations was investigated. Indium(III) complexes acted as efficient Lewis acid catalysts in organoindium chemistry. Catalytic reactions in water and aqueous media were studied where indium exhibited unique activity due to its high coordination number and fast coordination-dissociation equilibrium.

Advances in indium-catalysed organic synthesis

This paper presents a review on kaurane diterpenes and their glycoside derivatives, covering aspects of their occurrence, biological activities and the synthesis of these natural products and their analogues. First, it shows and classifies diterpenes, in accordance with the already established structural criteria in the literature. Then, kaurane diterpenes are presented, focusing on their chemical structures, occurrence in the plant kingdom and their main, recently described, biological activities. Moreover, the most significant works, published between 1964 and November 2006, which describe the total synthesis or structural transformations of some kaurane diterpenes, including either semisynthetic and/or microbiological methodologies, are consisely reviewed. At this point, some general considerations on glycosides are introduced, and kaurane glycosides are presented and discussed on the basis of their toxic importance and occurrence in the plant kingdom, having focused on related aspects of their biological activities and the relationships between these activities and the structural factors of their molecules. Finally, the principal methods of glycosidation by enzymatic and chemical processes are both presented, and a few papers on the synthesis of kaurane glycosides are succinctly discussed.

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Occurrence, Biological Activities and Synthesis of Kaurane Diterpenes and their Glycosides

Recent Developments in the Ferrier Rearrangement

Perchloric acid supported on silica gel acts as an excellent reagent system in converting glucals into 2,3-unsaturated-O-glucosides in good to excellent yields in short reaction time with good a selectivity. Primary, secondary, and allylic alcohols, phenols, and thiols react with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl glucal with equal ease. In addition to this, a chiral furan diol is obtained from unprotected D-glucal or D-galactal in good yields.

Protic acid (HClO4 supported on silica gel)-mediated synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated-O-glucosides and a chiral furan diol from 2,3-glycals.

Indium trichloride catalyzed glycosidation. An expeditious synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated glycopyranosides†

Mild and efficient tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols-catalysis by lithium perchlorate in diethyl ether

Synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated thioglycopyranosides mediated by lithium tetrafluoroborate

Stereoselective synthesis of a ketohexofuranose from an aldohexopyranose by a [6+1−1] strategy

Treatment of tri-O-acetyl- d -glucal 1 with various alcohols and phenols in the presence of InCl3/CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature gave the corresponding alkyl and aryl 2,3-unsaturated glycopyranosides in excellent yields with short reaction times and good anomeric selectivity.

Boga Sobhana Babu

Papers

Indium trichloride catalyzed glycosidation. An expeditious synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated glycopyranosides†

Mild and efficient tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols-catalysis by lithium perchlorate in diethyl ether

Synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated thioglycopyranosides mediated by lithium tetrafluoroborate

Stereoselective synthesis of a ketohexofuranose from an aldohexopyranose by a [6+1−1] strategy

Indium Trichloride Catalyzed Glycosidation. An Expeditious Synthesis of 2,3‐Unsaturated Glycopyranosides.