Author
Boris Cendales Ayala
Bio: Boris Cendales Ayala is an academic researcher from University of Los Andes. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cultural group selection & Contextualism. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 6 publications receiving 341 citations.
Papers
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University of Sussex1, University of Toulouse2, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile3, University of Miami4, Barry University5, Northwestern University6, West University of Timișoara7, University of Buea8, Nanyang Technological University9, Makerere University10, University of Namibia11, National Research University – Higher School of Economics12, Université catholique de Louvain13, University of Iceland14, American University of Beirut15, Complutense University of Madrid16, Ateneo de Manila University17, University of Cambridge18, Chinese Academy of Sciences19, North China University of Science and Technology20, University of Gdańsk21, Hokkaido University22, Osaka University23, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru24, University of Tartu25, Istanbul Şehir University26, University of Ghana27, Yaşar University28, Bilkent University29, Thammasat University30, University of Colorado Colorado Springs31, University of Wisconsin-Madison32, University of Los Andes33, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul34, University of Malaya35, University of Agder36, Victoria University of Wellington37, Uludağ University38, Ankara University39, Sultan Qaboos University40, Addis Ababa University41, The Chinese University of Hong Kong42, Hungarian Academy of Sciences43, Federal University of Paraíba44, Federal University of Pará45, Leipzig University46, University of Jena47, University of Milan48, Hong Kong Polytechnic University49
TL;DR: A new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent is developed and validated across cultures and will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.
Abstract: Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama’s predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
309 citations
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University of Sussex1, University of Michigan2, Osaka University3, Queen's University Belfast4, Makerere University5, National Research University – Higher School of Economics6, Sultan Qaboos University7, University of Buea8, University of Miami9, Addis Ababa University10, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart11, Ankara University12, West University of Timișoara13, University of Namibia14, Chinese Academy of Sciences15, Victoria University of Wellington16, Federal University of Paraíba17, Nanyang Technological University18, Østfold University College19, University of KwaZulu-Natal20, Leipzig University21, University of Jena22, American University of Beirut23, University of Tartu24, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru25, University of Malaya26, Hokkaido University27, Thammasat University28, Hungarian Academy of Sciences29, University of Gdańsk30, The Chinese University of Hong Kong31, Hong Kong Polytechnic University32, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile33, University of Iceland34, University of Colorado Colorado Springs35, Université catholique de Louvain36, Bilkent University37, Istanbul Şehir University38, Benue State University39, Ateneo de Manila University40, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul41, University of Ghana42, University of Delhi43, University of Los Andes44, Complutense University of Madrid45, American University in Cairo46
TL;DR: It is concluded that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism and highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and self-representations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.
Abstract: Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 (N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and self-representations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.
75 citations
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University of Sussex1, University of Toulouse2, Paul Verlaine University – Metz3, University of Iceland4, Nanyang Technological University5, University of Los Andes6, Hokkaido University7, Chinese Academy of Sciences8, North China University of Science and Technology9, Thammasat University10, University of Malaya11, Victoria University of Wellington12, West University of Timișoara13, Makerere University14, Hong Kong Polytechnic University15, University of Namibia16, University of Agder17, University of Miami18, Barry University19, National Research University – Higher School of Economics20, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile21, Federal University of Paraíba22, Istanbul Şehir University23, Ateneo de Manila University24, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul25, Université catholique de Louvain26, Leipzig University27, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru28, Northwestern University29, University of Milan30, University of Buea31, University of Cambridge32, Uludağ University33, University of Ghana34, Ankara University35, Addis Ababa University36, University of Jena37, Osaka University38, Complutense University of Madrid39, Sultan Qaboos University40, Hungarian Academy of Sciences41, University of Colorado Colorado Springs42, University of Wisconsin-Madison43, American University of Beirut44
TL;DR: Individual and cultural correlates of response styles when using 2 contrasting types of response mode were investigated, drawing on data from 55 cultural groups across 33 nations to yield more specific understandings of both individual- and culture-level variations in response style.
Abstract: Variations in acquiescence and extremity pose substantial threats to the validity of cross-cultural research that relies on survey methods. Individual and cultural correlates of response styles when using 2 contrasting types of response mode were investigated, drawing on data from 55 cultural groups across 33 nations. Using 7 dimensions of self-other relatedness that have often been confounded within the broader distinction between independence and interdependence, our analysis yields more specific understandings of both individual- and culture-level variations in response style. When using a Likert-scale response format, acquiescence is strongest among individuals seeing themselves as similar to others, and where cultural models of selfhood favour harmony, similarity with others and receptiveness to influence. However, when using Schwartz's (2007) portrait-comparison response procedure, acquiescence is strongest among individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant but also connected to others, and where cultural models of selfhood favour self-reliance and self-consistency. Extreme responding varies less between the two types of response modes, and is most prevalent among individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant, and in cultures favouring self-reliance. As both types of response mode elicit distinctive styles of response, it remains important to estimate and control for style effects to ensure valid comparisons.
49 citations
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University of Toulouse1, University of Sussex2, Istanbul Şehir University3, University of Los Andes4, University of Iceland5, Federal University of Paraíba6, Hong Kong Polytechnic University7, University of Ghana8, Complutense University of Madrid9, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru10, Hokkaido University11, Osaka University12, University of Buea13, Northwestern University14, Uludağ University15, Ankara University16, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart17, University of Jena18, Hungarian Academy of Sciences19, Ateneo de Manila University20, University of Colorado Colorado Springs21, Thammasat University22, University of Agder23, University of Wisconsin-Madison24, Université catholique de Louvain25, American University of Beirut26, University of Cambridge27, National Research University – Higher School of Economics28, Sultan Qaboos University29, University of Surrey30, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul31, Addis Ababa University32, Victoria University of Wellington33, Barry University34, University of Malaya35, University of Namibia36, Makerere University37, North China University of Science and Technology38, University of Miami39, West University of Timișoara40, Leipzig University41, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile42
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested a tripartite theoretical model of bases of self-continuity, including stability, sense of narrative, and associative links to one's past, to predict the extent to which people derived a sense of self continuity from different aspects of their identities.
Abstract: Self-continuity – the sense that one’s past, present, and future are meaningfully connected – is considered a defining feature of personal identity. However, bases of self-continuity may depend on cultural beliefs about personhood. In multilevel analyses of data from 7287 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations, we tested a new tripartite theoretical model of bases of self-continuity. As expected, perceptions of stability, sense of narrative, and associative links to one’s past each contributed to predicting the extent to which people derived a sense of self-continuity from different aspects of their identities. Ways of constructing self-continuity were moderated by cultural and individual differences in mutable (vs. immutable) personhood beliefs – the belief that human attributes are malleable. Individuals with lower mutability beliefs based self-continuity more on stability; members of cultures where mutability beliefs were higher based self-continuity more on narrative. Bases of self-conti...
36 citations
Cited by
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20 Aug 2018
TL;DR: Mackenzie and Poltera as mentioned in this paper argued that some form of narrative self-interpretation is required for a fulfilling, well-lived life and argued that such selfinterpretation can capture descriptively the ways in which human agents experience and make sense of their lives.
Abstract: Catriona Mackenzie and Jacqui Poltera’s discussion of narrative integration and identity takes up a wide range of issues. It advances objections against Galen Strawson’s critique of narrative identity and defends both the claim that some narrative conception of identity can capture descriptively the ways in which human agents experience and make sense of their lives and also the claim that some form of narrative self-interpretation is required for a fulfilling, well-lived life. In defending these claims, Mackenzie and Poltera appeal, in part, to Elyn Saks’s autobiographical account of her long, on-going struggle with schizophrenia and the significance of this struggle for her selfunderstanding (Saks 2007). According to the authors,
526 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that people search numerous times for their chosen books like this culture leadership and organizations the globe study of 62 societies, but end up in infectious downloads, instead of reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.
Abstract: Thank you for reading culture leadership and organizations the globe study of 62 societies. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their chosen books like this culture leadership and organizations the globe study of 62 societies, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.
459 citations
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University of Sussex1, University of Toulouse2, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile3, University of Miami4, Barry University5, Northwestern University6, West University of Timișoara7, University of Buea8, Nanyang Technological University9, Makerere University10, University of Namibia11, National Research University – Higher School of Economics12, Université catholique de Louvain13, University of Iceland14, American University of Beirut15, Complutense University of Madrid16, Ateneo de Manila University17, University of Cambridge18, Chinese Academy of Sciences19, North China University of Science and Technology20, University of Gdańsk21, Hokkaido University22, Osaka University23, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru24, University of Tartu25, Istanbul Şehir University26, University of Ghana27, Yaşar University28, Bilkent University29, Thammasat University30, University of Colorado Colorado Springs31, University of Wisconsin-Madison32, University of Los Andes33, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul34, University of Malaya35, University of Agder36, Victoria University of Wellington37, Uludağ University38, Ankara University39, Sultan Qaboos University40, Addis Ababa University41, The Chinese University of Hong Kong42, Hungarian Academy of Sciences43, Federal University of Paraíba44, Federal University of Pará45, Leipzig University46, University of Jena47, University of Milan48, Hong Kong Polytechnic University49
TL;DR: A new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent is developed and validated across cultures and will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.
Abstract: Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama’s predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
309 citations
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TL;DR: The findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies the authors tested, however, cultural differences remain sizable.
Abstract: Individualism appears to have increased over the past several decades, yet most research documenting this shift has been limited to the study of a handful of highly developed countries. Is the world becoming more individualist as a whole? If so, why? To answer these questions, we examined 51 years of data on individualist practices and values across 78 countries. Our findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies we tested. Despite dramatic shifts toward greater individualism around the world, however, cultural differences remain sizable. Moreover, cultural differences are primarily linked to changes in socioeconomic development, and to a lesser extent to shifts in pathogen prevalence and disaster frequency.
241 citations