This paper presents a novel developed model for calculating the totally useful power in the systems for continuous transport of fluids and bulk cargoes, allowing deeper and more functional analysis of the energy efficiency of this systems by physically based decomposition of the electricity consumption of a useful and unhelpful ingredient. The model consists of nine mathematical expressions by which, after determining the type of system, the physically required minimum possible power consumption can be calculated and compared with the total consumption. A pumping system for the transport of condensate water from a deaerator to the drum of a steam generator of a thermal power plant has been selected as the subject of the model demonstration experiment. In the investigation carried out, the basis power of the pumping system was 606.6 kW and the total losses were about 302 kW. Other energy efficiency indices have also been identified. The researches should be continued in the direction of algorithmization of the model and its justification mainly for the Type II systems.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1032/1/012036/pdf

Modeling the basis power in the systems for continuous transport of fluids and bulk materials

Optimisation de l'utilisation des indicateurs scalaires dans le cadre de la maintenance prédictive des paliers à roulements

Since the current infrared thermography (IRT) is not effective in detecting deep and invisible cavities in the silicone structural adhesive of hidden frame glass curtain walls (HFGCW), a reference-free IRT with subsurface heating for the deep cavity is proposed. A near-infrared linear laser with high energy density and high transmission is chosen as the subsurface heating source to directly heat the silicone structural adhesive through the glass. Temporal sequence reconstruction and image enhancement based on reference-free calibration are proposed to reduce thermal inhomogenety and thermal noise and ensure comparable results for damage detection under different environments. The effects of traditional surface heating and subsurface heating are compared and analyzed through numerical simulations. And an evaluated feature, which is the maximal temperature difference feature, derived from temperature difference is used to quantitatively analyze the thermal effect caused by different cavities. The subsurface heating simulation results showed that the highest temperature difference between the region with cavity and defect-free region is up to 88% higher than that of traditional surface heating. The experiments revealed that the deep cavities of different lengths, located at 7 mm, 9 mm, and 11 mm below the glass surface, can be successfully detected using subsurface heating and reference-free calibration. A quadratic linear model is proposed to reflect the relationship between the depths and lengths of cavities and the evaluated feature. In conclusion, the proposed method can protect the HFGCW from deep and invisible cavities which can reduce its adhesion and strength.

Reference-free infrared thermography detection with subsurface heating for deep cavity in adhesive of hidden frame glass curtain wall

The utilization of infrared techniques is accompanied by intrinsic difficulties, which often lead to a significant reduction in measurement accuracy. The electromagnetic signal, emitted by the investigated electronic device, is quite complex and the task of infrared temperature measurement requires non-trivial solutions. When electronic devices are under evaluation and their corresponding heat signature data is being analyzed - the analytical process is often directed towards “thermal abnormalities”. Within this article, a developed thermographic measurement system is presented. Described are its functional capabilities and presented is experimental data - resulting from its utilization as part of a diagnostic setup for integrated circuits; electronic modules and components; PCBs. An emphasis is made towards specific thermal image processing techniques, aimed at increasing measurement accuracies. The necessary input data for an uncertainty evaluation is discussed. A series of experimental measurements of different electronic modules is presented, as a means for illustrating the capabilities of the developed instrumentation.

Infrared measurements of temperature anomalies in electronic devices

The utilization of infrared techniques is accompanied by intrinsic difficulties, which often lead to a significant reduction in measurement accuracy. The electromagnetic signal, emitted by the investigated electronic device, is quite complex and the task of infrared temperature measurement requires non-trivial solutions. When electronic devices are under evaluation and their corresponding heat signature data is being analyzed - the analytical process is often directed towards “thermal abnormalities”. Within this article, a developed thermographic measurement system is presented. Described are its functional capabilities and presented is experimental data - resulting from its utilization as part of a diagnostic setup for integrated circuits; electronic modules and components; PCBs. An emphasis is made towards specific thermal image processing techniques, aimed at increasing measurement accuracies. The necessary input data for an uncertainty evaluation is discussed. A series of experimental measurements of different electronic modules is presented, as a means for illustrating the capabilities of the developed instrumentation. 

This study aims to compare the advantages of infrared thermography (IRT) in passive and active use. The IRT is a non-contact, fast and wide-area of inspection nondestructive testing (NDT) technique that has been increasingly used in different fields to detect the presence of faults in assets. Indeed, the detection of faults in an early time allows the possibility to reduce the downtimes, thereby offering an important reduction of energy consumptions which ultimately leads to reduced cost. To achieve the object of this work, two experimental studies have been carried out using infrared thermography in passive and active form. The first experience is destined to the control of rotating machine damaged with unbalance using the passive IRT. In the last experiment the active IRT is carried out on a composite plate in order to reveal the presence of internal damage caused by a low velocity impact. The results obtained in this study show that the active thermography offers more details (localization and size of the defect) compared to the passive IRT.

Monitoring of Industrial Equipment Using Thermography Technique in Passive and Active Form

This study aims to highlight a methodology for implementing an energy audit plan within industries. Today, international competitiveness involves optimizing companies’ production costs. This necessarily requires the implementation of rigorous energy saving policies. These savings are measures taken to limit energy consumption or to avoid energy losses. The energy audit is a methodical review and analysis of the use and consumption of energy; which attempts to identify energy flows and information on all the company’s energy consumption patterns. According to the information obtained in audit potential improvements in energy efficiency are carried out. In this paper, we present the results of an energy audit conducted within a company operating in the agri-food sector in the eastern region of Morocco. It has been shown that, in this case, the database resulting from the energy audit has contributed significantly to the development of a systematic approach to decision-making and consequently to the improvement of the energy efficiency.

Industrial Energy Audit Methodology for Improving Energy Efficiency - A Case Study

Heat generation in materials by mechanical vibrations

Unbalance is one of the most common defects in rotating machinery that causes important vibrations and subsequently an increase in energy consumption. Unbalance is defined as un-equal distribution of weight around the center of rotation. Although vibration, heat and noise are usually the results of mechanical defects, vibrations present the most relevant indicator for the identification of unbalanced shaft. By monitoring time indicators such as the Root Mean Square (RMS), unbalance is detected. This paper aims to experimentally analyze the energy losses due to shaft unbalance. The proposed methodology is meant to emphasise on the relationships between vibration level and energy consumption for different degree unbalance defect. A laboratory test rig was designed to create unbalance by adding weights at various eccentricities. For each case, RMS indicator and the electrical characteristics were measured. The results obtained from this study show that vibration analysis is an effective technique to identify unbalance severity and energy losses.

Rotating Machines Energy Loss Due to Unbalance

This study covers the new benefits of using predictive maintenance in industries. Reducing unplanned downtime, increasing productivity, and feeling safe and reliable are the most common benefits of predictive maintenance. Recently, it has been used as a tool for energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. The objective of this article is to demonstrate that predictive maintenance techniques, including vibration analysis and infrared thermography, can monitor energy losses due to machine faults such as misalignment and unbalance. Vibration and thermal measurements were outlined and compared. The comparison was validated and investigated through laboratory test rig. Different modes of misalignment and unbalance were investigated. It was found that the measured temperature also indicate the presence of faults and can be used as energy monitoring tool at least as good as vibrations analysis technique. The methodology developed in this paper, which is based on the combination of the two techniques, aims to prove the use of infrared thermography in an energy efficiency program.

Bouchra Abouelanouar

Papers

Monitoring of Industrial Equipment Using Thermography Technique in Passive and Active Form

Industrial Energy Audit Methodology for Improving Energy Efficiency - A Case Study

Heat generation in materials by mechanical vibrations

Rotating Machines Energy Loss Due to Unbalance

Monitoring Energy Consumption Based on Predictive Maintenance Techniques