Brajesh Kumar Jha

Bio: Brajesh Kumar Jha is an academic researcher from Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Calcium & Voltage-dependent calcium channel. The author has an hindex of 13, co-authored 56 publications receiving 493 citations. Previous affiliations of Brajesh Kumar Jha include Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat & University of North Bengal.

Evaluation of risk factors for antituberculosis treatment induced hepatotoxicity.

Abstract: Background & objectives: Antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is the most common side effect leading to interruption of therapy. Wide variations have been found in the reported incidence of hepatotoxicity during short-course chemotherapy. Several risk factors for hepatotoxicity have been suggested in previous studies. We undertook a prospective case-control study to assess the role of these putative risk factors in the development of DIH in patients receiving anti-TB treatment. Methods: One hundred and seventy five consecutive cases with a diagnosis of anti-TB DIH were compared with 428 consecutive controls who took anti-TB drugs for the full duration of chemotherapy without clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatitis. Cases positive for markers of acute viral hepatitis were carefully excluded. Cases and controls were compared with respect to age, sex, site of tuberculosis, radiological extent of disease on chest radiograph, body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and liver function at baseline which included serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum total protein and serum albumin. Results: Univariate logistic regression revealed that the risk of developing DIH was greater in older patients. Significantly greater percentage of cases had extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) ( P 35 yr, MAC <20 cm and hypoalbuminaemia (albumin <3.5 g/dl).

Two-dimensional finite element model to study calcium distribution in astrocytes in presence of excess buffer

Abstract: In this paper a finite element model is developed to study cytosolic calcium concentration distribution in astrocytes for a two-dimensional steady-state case in presence of excess buffer. The mathematical model of calcium diffusion in astrocytes leads to a boundary value problem involving elliptical partial differential equation. The model consists of reaction–diffusion phenomena, association and dissociation rates and buffer. A point source of calcium is incorporated in the model. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed. Finite element method is employed to solve the problem. A MATLAB program has been developed for the entire problem and simulated to compute the numerical results. The numerical results have been used to plot calcium concentration profiles in astrocytes. The effect of EGTA, BAPTA and σCa influx on calcium concentration distribution in astrocytes is studied with the help of numerical results.

Two-dimensional finite element model to study calcium distribution in astrocytes in presence of vgcc and excess buffer

Abstract: Astrocyte plays a pivotal role in synaptic transmission with neuron. It maintains the ionic concentration in synapse to regulate signals from one cell to another. Calcium known as second messenger plays an important role in signal transduction. There are so many physiological processes that affect the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]i like calcium buffering, flow of calcium ion through channels, etc. The modeling of calcium signaling in astrocytes has become more sophisticated. The modeling effort has provided insight to understand the cell contraction. Main objective of this work is to study the effect of voltage-gated calcium channel on calcium profile under excess buffer approximation in the form of diffusion equation. A mathematical model is developed in the form of diffusion equation for the calcium profile. The model incorporates the important physiological parameter like diffusion coefficient association rate constant, etc. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed. Finite element method is employed to solve the problem. A MATLAB program has been developed for the entire problem and simulated to compute the numerical results.

3D mathematical modeling of calcium signaling in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract: The present paper focuses on the solution of the three-dimensional calcium advection–diffusion equation in the presence of calcium-binding buffers. As buffers play an important role in maintaining cytosolic calcium concentration level, decrease in buffers leads to increase in cytoplasmic calcium which may further lead to toxicity of Alzheimer’s disease. The governing three-dimensional differential equation has been further converted into one-dimensional equation using similarity transforms. The solution is obtained analytically using Laplace transforms and suitable boundary conditions. The obtained solution is simulated in MATLAB. The graphs clearly show the impact of buffers on calcium concentration level for normal and Alzheimeric cells.

FINITE ELEMENT MODEL TO STUDY EFFECT OF Na+−Ca2+ EXCHANGERS AND SOURCE GEOMETRY ON CALCIUM DYNAMICS IN A NEURON CELL

Abstract: The study of calcium diffusion in neuron cells has gained interest among research workers during the last two decades, due to its wide variety of roles in human body like muscle contraction, secretion, metabolism, signal transduction etc. Na+ is the first ion that comes in the hierarchy of ions affecting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. This Na+ ion helps in intracellular Ca2+ regulation in cytosol via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger protein (NCX protein). Most of the theoretical investigations on calcium diffusion in neuron cells have been carried out for one and two dimensional cases by various research workers and that too by incorporating a point source of influx. In order to have more realistic study the more details of geometry, microstructure and physiological parameters need to be incorporated in the models. In view of above a three dimensional unsteady state model of Calcium dynamics in a neuron cell has been developed. Apart from the point source, the line and surface sources of an influx of Ca2+as well as the ...

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Abstract: Meeting: International Seminar on Information and Communication Technology Statistics, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 19-21 July 2010

Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: Mechanisms and Management.

Abstract: Development of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is an intricate process involving both concurrent as well as sequential events determining the direction of the pathways, degree of liver injury and its outcome. Decades of clinical observation have identified a number of drug and host related factors that are associated with an increased risk of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity, although majority of the studies are retrospective with varied case definitions and sample sizes. Investigations on genetic susceptibility to hepatotoxicity have so far focused on formation and accumulation reactive metabolite as well as factors that contribute to cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and the environment which can modulate the threshold for hepatocyte death secondary to oxidative stress. Recent advances in pharmacogenetics have promised the development of refined algorithms including drug, host and environmental risk factors that allow better tailoring of medications based on accurate estimates of risk–benefit ratio. Future investigations exploring the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity should be performed using human tissue and samples whenever possible, so that the novel findings can be translated readily into clinical applications.

Newborn survival in Uganda: a decade of change and future implications

Abstract: Each year in Uganda 141 000 children die before reaching their fifth birthday; 26% of these children die in their first month of life. In a setting of persistently high fertility rates, a crisis in human resources for health and a recent history of civil unrest, Uganda has prioritized Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 for child and maternal survival. As part of a multi-country analysis we examined change for newborn survival over the past decade through mortality and health system coverage indicators as well as national and donor funding for health, and policy and programme change. Between 2000 and 2010 Uganda's neonatal mortality rate reduced by 2.2% per year, which is greater than the regional average rate of decline but slower than national reductions in maternal mortality and under-five mortality after the neonatal period. While existing population-based data are insufficient to measure national changes in coverage and quality of services, national attention for maternal and child health has been clear and authorized from the highest levels. Attention and policy change for newborn health is comparatively recent. This recognized gap has led to a specific focus on newborn health through a national Newborn Steering Committee, which has been given a mandate from the Ministry of Health to advise on newborn survival issues since 2006. This multi-disciplinary and inter-agency network of stakeholders has been able to preside over a number of important policy changes at the level of facility care, education and training, community-based service delivery through Village Health Teams and changes to essential drugs and commodities. The committee's comprehensive reach has enabled rapid policy change and increased attention to newborn survival in a relatively short space of time. Translating this favourable policy environment into district-level implementation and high quality services is now the priority.

Modeling and analysis of COVID-19 epidemics with treatment in fractional derivatives using real data from Pakistan

Abstract: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause different symptoms, from mild cold to severe respiratory distress, and they can be seen in different types of animals such as camels, cattle, cats and bats. Novel coronavirus called COVID-19 is a newly emerged virus that appeared in many countries of the world, but the actual source of the virus is not yet known. The outbreak has caused pandemic with 26,622,706 confirmed infections and 874,708 reported deaths worldwide till August 31, 2020, with 17,717,911 recovered cases. Currently, there exist no vaccines officially approved for the prevention or management of the disease, but alternative drugs meant for HIV, HBV, malaria and some other flus are used to treat this virus. In the present paper, a fractional-order epidemic model with two different operators called the classical Caputo operator and the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo operator for the transmission of COVID-19 epidemic is proposed and analyzed. The reproduction number $${{\mathcal {R}}}_0$$ is obtained for the prediction and persistence of the disease. The dynamic behavior of the equilibria is studied by using fractional Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion and fractional La Salle invariant principle. Special attention is given to the global dynamics of the equilibria. Moreover, the fitting of parameters through least squares curve fitting technique is performed, and the average absolute relative error between COVID-19 actual cases and the model’s solution for the infectious class is tried to be reduced and the best fitted values of the relevant parameters are achieved. The numerical solution of the proposed COVID-19 fractional-order model under the Caputo operator is obtained by using generalized Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method, whereas for the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo operator, we have used a new numerical scheme. Also, the treatment compartment is included in the population which determines the impact of alternative drugs applied for treating the infected individuals. Furthermore, numerical simulations of the model and their graphical presentations are performed to visualize the effectiveness of our theoretical results and to monitor the effect of arbitrary-order derivative.