Foundations Of Statistics

Staff members at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) produced a summary of the structural health monitoring literature in 1995. This presentation will summarize the outcome of an updated review covering the years 1996 2001. The updated review follows the LANL statistical pattern recognition paradigm for SHM, which addresses four topics: 1. Operational Evaluation; 2. Data Acquisition and Cleansing; 3. Feature Extraction; and 4. Statistical Modeling for Feature Discrimination. The literature has been reviewed based on how a particular study addresses these four topics. A significant observation from this review is that although there are many more SHM studies being reported, the investigators, in general, have not yet fully embraced the well-developed tools from statistical pattern recognition. As such, the discrimination procedures employed are often lacking the appropriate rigor necessary for this technology to evolve beyond demonstration problems carried out in laboratory setting.

A review of structural health monitoring literature 1996-2001

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

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In-service structural health monitoring (SHM) of engineering structures has assumed a significant role in assessing their safety and integrity. Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have emerged as a reliable, in situ, non-destructive tool for monitoring, diagnostics and control in civil structures. The versatility of FBG sensors represents a key advantage over other technologies in the structural sensing field. In this article, the recent research and development activities in structural health monitoring using FBG sensors have been critically reviewed, highlighting the areas where further work is needed. A few packaging schemes for FBG strain sensors are also discussed. Finally a few limitations and market barriers associated with the use of these sensors have been addressed.

Fibre Bragg gratings in structural health monitoring—Present status and applications

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring. 1.1 Basic Notions, Needs and Benefits. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Basic Notions. 1.1.3 Monitoring Needs and Benefits. 1.1.4 Whole Lifespan Monitoring. 1.2 The Structural Health Monitoring Process. 1.2.1 Core Activities. 1.2.2 Actors. 1.3 On-Site Example of Structural Health Monitoring Project. 2 Fibre-Optic Sensors. 2.1 Introduction to Fibre-Optic Technology. 2.2 Fibre-Optic Sensing Technologies. 2.2.1 SOFO Interferometric Sensors. 2.2.2 Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensors. 2.2.3 Fibre Bragg-Grating Sensors. 2.2.4 Distributed Brillouin- and Raman-Scattering Sensors. 2.3 Sensor Packaging. 2.4 Distributed Sensing Cables. 2.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.2 Temperature-Sensing Cable. 2.4.3 Strain-Sensing Tape: SMARTape. 2.4.4 Combined Strain- and Temperature-Sensing: SMARTprofile. 2.5 Software and System Integration. 2.6 Conclusions and Summary. 3 Fibre-Optic Deformation Sensors: Applicability and Interpretation of Measurements. 3.1 Strain Components and Strain Time Evolution. 3.1.1 Basic Notions. 3.1.2 Elastic and Plastic Structural Strain. 3.1.3 Thermal Strain. 3.1.4 Creep. 3.1.5 Shrinkage. 3.1.6 Reference Time and Reference Measurement. 3.2 Sensor Gauge Length and Measurement. 3.2.1 Introduction. 3.2.2 Deformation Sensor Measurements. 3.2.3 Global Structural Monitoring: Basic Notions. 3.2.4 Sensor Measurement Dependence on Strain Distribution: Maximal Gauge Length. 3.2.5 Sensor Measurement in Inhomogeneous Materials: Minimal-Gauge Length. 3.2.6 General Principle in the Determination of Sensor Gauge Length. 3.2.7 Distributed Strain Sensor Measurement. 3.3 Interpretation of strain measurement. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Sources of Errors and Detection of Anomalous Structural Condition. 3.3.3 Determination of Strain Components and Stress from Total-Strain Measurement. 3.3.4 Example of Strain Measurement Interpretation. 4 Sensor Topologies: Monitoring Global Parameters. 4.1 Finite Element Structural Health Monitoring Concept: Introduction. 4.2 Simple Topology and Applications. 4.2.1 Basic Notions on Simple Topology. 4.2.2 Enchained Simple Topology. 4.2.3 Example of an Enchained Simple Topology Application. 4.2.4 Scattered Simple Topology. 4.2.5 Example of a Scattered Simple Topology Application. 4.3 Parallel Topology. 4.3.1 Basic Notions on Parallel Topology: Uniaxial Bending. 4.3.2 Basic Notions on Parallel Topology: Biaxial Bending. 4.3.3 Deformed Shape and Displacement Diagram. 4.3.4 Examples of Parallel Topology Application. 4.4 Crossed Topology. 4.4.1 Basic Notions on Crossed Topology: Planar Case. 4.4.2 Basic Notions on Crossed Topology: Spatial Case. 4.4.3 Example of a Crossed Topology Application. 4.5 Triangular Topology. 4.5.1 Basic Notions on Triangular Topology. 4.5.2 Scattered and Spread Triangular Topologies. 4.5.3 Monitoring of Planar Relative Movements Between Two Blocks. 4.5.4 Example of a Triangular Topology Application. 5 Finite Element Structural Health Monitoring Strategies and Application Examples. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Monitoring of Pile Foundations. 5.2.1 Monitoring the Pile. 5.2.2 Monitoring a Group of Piles. 5.2.3 Monitoring of Foundation Slab. 5.2.4 On-Site Example of Piles Monitoring. 5.3 Monitoring of Buildings. 5.3.1 Monitoring of Building Structural Members. 5.3.2 Monitoring of Columns. 5.3.3 Monitoring of Cores. 5.3.4 Monitoring of Frames, Slabs and Walls. 5.3.5 Monitoring of a Whole Building. 5.3.6 On-Site Example of Building Monitoring. 5.4 Monitoring of Bridges. 5.4.1 Introduction. 5.4.2 Monitoring of a Simple Beam. 5.4.3 On-Site Example of Monitoring of a Simple Beam. 5.4.4 Monitoring of a Continuous Girder. 5.4.5 On-Site Example of Monitoring of a Continuous Girder. 5.4.6 Monitoring of a Balanced Cantilever Bridge. 5.4.7 On-Site Example of Monitoring of a Balanced Cantilever Girder. 5.4.8 Monitoring of an Arch Bridge. 5.4.9 On-Site Example of Monitoring of an Arch Bridge. 5.4.10 Monitoring of a Cable-Stayed Bridge. 5.4.11 On-Site Example of Monitoring of a Cable-Stayed Bridge. 5.4.12 Monitoring of a Suspended Bridge. 5.4.13 Bridge Integrity Monitoring. 5.4.14 On-Site Example of Bridge Integrity Monitoring. 5.5 Monitoring of Dams. 5.5.1 Introduction. 5.5.2 Monitoring of an Arch Dam. 5.5.3 On-Site Examples on Monitoring of an Arch Dam. 5.5.4 Monitoring of a Gravity Dam. 5.5.5 On-Site Example of Monitoring a Gravity Dam. 5.5.6 Monitoring of a Dyke (Earth or Rockfill Dam). 5.5.7 On-Site Example of Monitoring a Dyke. 5.6 Monitoring of Tunnels. 5.6.1 Introduction. 5.6.2 Monitoring of Convergence. 5.6.3 On-Site Example of Monitoring of Convergence. 5.6.4 Monitoring of Strain and Deformation. 5.6.5 On-Site Example of Monitoring of Deformation. 5.6.6 Monitoring of Other Parameters and Tunnel Integrity Monitoring. 5.7 Monitoring of Heritage Structures. 5.7.1 Introduction. 5.7.2 Monitoring of San Vigilio Church, Gandria, Switzerland. 5.7.3 Monitoring of Royal Villa, Monza, Italy. 5.7.4 Monitoring of Bolshoi Moskvoretskiy Bridge, Moscow, Russia. 5.8 Monitoring of Pipelines. 5.8.1 Introduction. 5.8.2 Pipeline Monitoring. 5.8.3 Pipeline Monitoring Application Examples. 5.8.4 Conclusions. 6 Conclusions and Outlook. 6.1 Conclusions. 6.2 Outlook. References. Index.

Fibre optic methods for structural health monitoring

Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring: Glišić/Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring

SUMMARY

Crack occurrence and propagation are among critical factors that affect the performance and lifespan of civil infrastructures such as bridges, pipelines, and so on. As a consequence, numerous crack detection and characterization techniques have been researched and developed in the past decades in the areas of SHM and non-destructive evaluation (NDE). The significant amount of performed studies and the large number of publications give rise to the need to systematize, condensate, and summarize this enormous effort. The aims of this paper are to summarize the knowledge about cracking and its sources, review both existing and emerging methods for crack detection and characterization, and identify the advantages and challenges for these methods. In general, this paper identifies two sensing approaches (direct and indirect) and two data analysis approaches (model-based and model-free or data-driven) along with a range of associated technologies. The advantages and challenges of each approach and technology are discussed and summarized, and the future research needs are identified. This paper is intended to serve as a reference for researchers who are interested in crack detection and characterization as well as for those who are generally interested in SHM and NDE. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Crack detection and characterization techniques - An overview

Distributed fiber optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fiber is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongated structures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells, and coiled tubing. Sensing systems based on Brillouin and Raman scattering are used, for example, to detect pipeline leakages, to verify pipeline operational parameters and to prevent failure of pipelines installed in landslide areas, to optimize oil production from wells, and to detect hot spots in high-power cables. Recent developments in distributed fiber sensing technology allow the monitoring of 60 km of pipeline from a single instrument and of up to 300 km with the use of optical amplifiers. New application opportunities have demonstrated that the design and production of sensing cables are a critical element for the success of any distributed sensing instrumentation project. Although some telecommunication cables can be effectively used for sensing ordinary temperatures, monitoring high and low temperatures or distributed strain presents unique challenges that require specific cable designs. This contribution presents advances in long-range distributed sensing and in novel sensing cable designs for distributed temperature and strain sensing. This paper also reports a number of significant field application examples of this technology, including leakage detection on brine and gas pipelines, strain monitoring on gas pipelines and combined strain and temperature monitoring on composite flow lines, and composite coiled tubing pipes.

Branko Glisic

Papers

Fibre optic methods for structural health monitoring

Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring: Glišić/Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring

Crack detection and characterization techniques - An overview

Long-Range Pipeline Monitoring by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

Long-Range Pipeline Monitoring by Distributed Fiber Optic