The surface of ice exhibits the swath of phase-transition phenomena common to all materials and as such it acts as an ideal test bed of both theory and experiment. It is readily available, transparent, optically birefringent, and probing it in the laboratory does not require cryogenics or ultrahigh vacuum apparatus. Systematic study reveals the range of critical phenomena, equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase-transitions, and, most relevant to this review, premelting, that are traditionally studied in more simply bound solids. While this makes investigation of ice as a material appealing from the perspective of the physicist, its ubiquity and importance in the natural environment also make ice compelling to a broad range of disciplines in the Earth and planetary sciences. In this review we describe the physics of the premelting of ice and its relationship with the behavior of other materials more familiar to the condensed-matter community. A number of the many tendrils of the basic phenomena as they play out on land, in the oceans, and throughout the atmosphere and biosphere are developed.

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The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences

The elasto-plastic response of underground excavations in rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion

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Permafrost and climate in Europe: Monitoring and modelling thermal, geomorphological and geotechnical responses

Application of the convergence-confinement method of tunnel design to rock masses that satisfy the hoek-brown failure criterion

This review paper examines thermal conditions (active layer and permafrost), internal composition (rock and ice components), kinematics and rheology of creeping perennially frozen slopes in cold mountain areas. The aim is to assemble current information about creep in permafrost and rock glaciers from diverse published sources into a single paper that will be useful in studies of the flow and deformation of subsurface ice and their surface manifestations not only on Earth, but also on Mars. Emphasis is placed on quantitative information from drilling, borehole measurements, geophysical soundings, photogrammetry, laboratory experiments, etc. It is evident that quantitative holistic treatment of permafrost creep and rock glaciers requires consideration of: (a) rock weathering, snow avalanches and rockfall, with grain-size sorting on scree slopes; (b) freezing processes and ice formation in scree at sub-zero temperatures containing abundant fine material as well as coarse-grained blocks; (c) coupled thermohydro-mechanical aspects of creep and failure processes in frozen rock debris; (d) kinematics of non-isotropic, heterogeneous and layered, ice-rich permafrost on slopes with long transport paths for coarse surface material from the headwall to the front and, in some cases, subsequent re-incorporation into an advancing rock glacier causing corresponding age inversion at

Permafrost creep and rock glacier dynamics

Calculations of support pressure—tunnel convergence relationships, or ground response curves are used to improve understanding or rocksupport interaction and to aid in the dimensioning of tunnel support elements. Methods of response curve calculation are presented for a tunnel of circular cross‐section excavated in a rock mass initially subjected to a hydrostatic in situ stress field. Plane strain conditions are assumed. The two solutions presented use nonlinear peak and residual rock mass strength criteria. Particular consideration is given to the influence of plastic volumetric strains in the rock mass surrounding the tunnel. A closed‐form solution is presented for an elastic‐brittle‐plastic material behavior model in which post‐peak dilatancy occurs at a constant rate with major principal strain. A second solution is presented as a stepwise sequence of calculations for an elastic‐strain, softening‐plastic model in which post‐peak dilatancy occurs at a lower rate with major principal strain in the const...

Ground Response Curves for Rock Tunnels

This new edition gives a peerless presentation of soil mechanics for frozen ground conditions and a variety of frozen ground support systems used on construction project worldwide. An authoritative update of the industry standard, the new edition covers the essential theory, applications, and design methods using frozen ground in the construction of deep shafts, tunnels, deep excavations, and subsurface containment barriers. New materials features design models for pavement structures used in seasoned frost and permafrost areas, new information on the movement of fluid phase contaminants in frozen ground, and helpful appendices offering guidance on common frozen ground tests and SI unit conversions. The new edition gives the essential information engineers, geologists, and students need in a complete reference, including up-to-date information on: sensitivity of frozen ground to climate changes; experimental work on frozen soil creep and strength; monitoring creep in frozen slopes; frost protection of foundations using ground insulation; highway insulation; and load restriction for seasonal frost areas.

Frozen ground engineering

Preface: Frozen ground Physical and thermal properties Heat flow in soils Thaw behavior of frozen ground Mechanical properties of frozen soil Construction ground freezing Foundations in frozen soil Stability of soil masses in cold regions Earthwork in cold regions Field investigations Appendix A. Symbols Appendix B. SI Units Appendix C. Laboratory and field tests on frozen soils References Index.

An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering

Most of the existing theories of creep have been developed from two different viewpoints: micromechanistic and macroanalytical. The former deal with events occurring at the atomic level and provide...

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Branko Ladanyi

Papers

Ground Response Curves for Rock Tunnels

Permafrost creep and rock glacier dynamics

Frozen ground engineering

An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering

An Engineering Theory of Creep of Frozen Soils