A literature search was conducted in an effort to collect and compile as many references on the phase-locked loop as possible. Although not all inclusive, a comprehensive listing of approximately 800 references covering the past two decades of work reported throughout the world are presented. The compilation is given in two parts: first by categories, and then alphabetically by authors.

A bibliography of the theory and application of the phase-lock principle

Low field Hall effect magnetometry has been limited by the performance of the offset (misalignment) voltage rejection technique used. In this work a method is employed where the offset voltage is eliminated without the need to know its exact value nor to make any calibration. To obtain long term stability a new idea is introduced whereby information present in the self field voltage is used to monitor the instrument calibration. These two techniques do not impose any particular requirements on Hall device performance. It is shown that the limiting parameters to the instrument sensitivity are the input bias current and the common mode rejection capability of the voltage sensing differential amplifier. The smallest Hall voltage that was detected was 500 nV, the equivalent of 4 μT field with the device used and no magnetic concentrator arrangement.

Low field Hall effect magnetometry

Conversion of Varian E−3 spectrometer to 1−MHz magnetic field modulation is described. The Normal 100−kHz mode of operation of the instrument is not affected by the modifications. The system has an overall response time jof approximately 2 μsec, and has senstivity comparable to the 100−kHz receiver under similar conditions.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt3r9348sf/qt3r9348sf.pdf?t=p21n6a

Conversion of an E-3 ESR spectrometer to 1 MHz field modulation.

Optimal design criteria for millimeter-wave cavity-type spectrometers, used in the measurement of molecular spectra, have been derived. Using an optimally designed spectrometer, the technique of molecular spectroscopy offers a highly sensitive and specific experimental research method for studying chemical kinetics and for monitoring gaseous pollutants and constituents of interest in pollution research. The method is also suitable for the study of the molecular properties of short-lived transient chemical species with lifetimes as short as one millisecond or less. Since the sensitivity of the spectrometer is determined by the total noise introduced during the processes of microwave generation, absorption in the resonant cavity, and the detection and amplification of a spectral line signal, the spectrometer has been analyzed and optimized in detail with respect to the equivalent noise temperatures associated with these processes. The conclusions drawn from the optimum design criteria are applied in the design of a tunable high-Q resonant cavity spectrometer operating at 70 GHz.

/pdf/optimal-design-criteria-for-millimeter-wave-spectrometers-4yem2j0q60.pdf

Optimal Design Criteria for Millimeter-Wave Spectrometers

The effect of essential nonlinearity of phase-sensitive detector characteristics is studied and determined theoretically in detail, assuming that the input signal is a sine wave in the presence of additive narrow-band Gaussian noise. Minimum, maximum, and limiting values of nonlinearities of detector characteristics as functions of the input signal-to-noise ratio and the phase angle between the input signal and the reference wave are determined by means of computer-aided analysis. A set of curves that can be used to evaluate in detail the essential nonlinearities of detector performance and characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions and significant parameters is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the determination of optimum detector operating conditions for minimum essential nonlinearities in wide-band Fourier-transform high-resolution nuclear magnetic-resonance and electron-spin-resonance spectrometers.

/pdf/essential-nonlinearity-of-phase-sensitive-detector-f8elv5wg41.pdf

Essential Nonlinearity of Phase-Sensitive Detector Characteristics

The essential nonlinearity characteristics of a phase-sensitive detector are studied theoretically, assuming that the input signal is a sine wave in the presence of additive narrow-band Gaussian noise. Three interesting cases of the nonlinearity of the phase-sensitive detector characteristics are analyzed by means of the expression which has been derived for the output signal-to-input noise ratio as a function of the input signal-to-noise ratio, the reference wave-to-noise ratio, and the phase angle between the input signal and reference wave. In the first case, the detector nonlinearity NA as a function of the input signal-to-noise ratio is determined. In the second and third cases, the detector nonlinearities NB and NC as a function of the phase angle between the input signal and the reference wave are obtained. The results are presented as closed-form analytical expressions. Several interesting cases are plotted as a function of the significant parameters. Besides being important in themselves, the results are of a general interest because they may be used to estimate essential nonlinearities in some other more complicated cases.

Phase-Sensitive Detector Nonlinearity at the Signal Detection in the Presence of Noise

A new generalized analysis is presented of operating characteristics of phase-sensitive detector circuits, assuming that the input signal and the reference wave are in the presence of independent, stationary, and additive Gaussian noise The generalized criteria are determined for the detector optimum operating conditions and for minimization of the detector characteristic essential nonlinearities by means of computer-aided analysis, using high-density discrete value calculations The results of the analysis are given in normalized form and can be directly applied to evaluate in detail the detector-circuit performance and characteristic essential nonlinearities over a wide dynamic range of operating conditions Furthermore, particular emphasis is laid on the determination of optimum detector-circuit operating conditions in contemporary instrumentation systems

/pdf/generalized-analysis-of-phase-sensitive-detection-circuit-1ao2478wce.pdf

Generalized Analysis of Phase-Sensitive Detection-Circuit Operating Characteristics at the Signal Detection in the Presence of Noise

Two generalized criteria for minimums and maximums of essential nonlinearity of a phase-sensitive detection system are presented. Minimums and maximums are calculated and plotted by a digital computer over a wide dynamic range of operating conditions, assuming that the input signal is in the narrow-band Gaussian noise.

/pdf/nonlinearity-minimums-and-maximums-of-a-phase-sensitive-2p4z0dlq4z.pdf

Branko Leskovar

Papers

Essential Nonlinearity of Phase-Sensitive Detector Characteristics

Phase-Sensitive Detector Nonlinearity at the Signal Detection in the Presence of Noise

Generalized Analysis of Phase-Sensitive Detection-Circuit Operating Characteristics at the Signal Detection in the Presence of Noise

Nonlinearity Minimums and Maximums of a Phase-Sensitive Detection System