Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Objective To present estimates of the lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders with and without severe impairment, their comorbidity across broad classes of disorder, and their sociodemographic correlates. Method The National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement NCS-A is a nationally representative face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in the continental United States. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results Anxiety disorders were the most common condition (31.9%), followed by behavior disorders (19.1%), mood disorders (14.3%), and substance use disorders (11.4%), with approximately 40% of participants with one class of disorder also meeting criteria for another class of lifetime disorder. The overall prevalence of disorders with severe impairment and/or distress was 22.2% (11.2% with mood disorders, 8.3% with anxiety disorders, and 9.6% behavior disorders). The median age of onset for disorder classes was earliest for anxiety (6 years), followed by 11 years for behavior, 13 years for mood, and 15 years for substance use disorders. Conclusions These findings provide the first prevalence data on a broad range of mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents. Approximately one in every four to five youth in the U.S. meets criteria for a mental disorder with severe impairment across their lifetime. The likelihood that common mental disorders in adults first emerge in childhood and adolescence highlights the need for a transition from the common focus on treatment of U.S. youth to that of prevention and early intervention.

Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

Objective To review recent progress in child and adolescent psychiatric epidemiology in the area of prevalence and burden. Method The literature published in the past decade was reviewed under two headings: methods and findings. Results Methods for assessing the prevalence and community burden of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders have improved dramatically in the past decade. There are now available a broad range of interviews that generate DSM and ICD diagnoses with good reliability and validity. Clinicians and researchers can choose among interview styles (respondent based, interviewer based, best estimate) and methods of data collection (paper and pencil, computer assisted, interviewer or self-completion) that best meet their needs. Work is also in progress to develop brief screens to identify children in need of more detailed assessment, for use by teachers, pediatricians, and other professionals. The median prevalence estimate of functionally impairing child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is 12%, although the range of estimates is wide. Disorders that often appear first in childhood or adolescence are among those ranked highest in the World Health Organization's estimates of the global burden of disease. Conclusions There is mounting evidence that many, if not most, lifetime psychiatric disorders will first appear in childhood or adolescence. Methods are now available to monitor youths and to make early intervention feasible.

10-Year Research Update Review: The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: I. Methods and Public Health Burden

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the 12-month prevalence estimates of specific mental disorders, their social and demographic correlates, and service use patterns in children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative probability sample of noninstitutionalized US civilians. METHODS: The sample includes 3042 participants 8 to 15 years of age from cross-sectional surveys conducted from 2001 to 2004. Data on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for mental disorders were derived from administration of selected modules of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV, a structured diagnostic interview administered by lay interviewers to assess psychiatric diagnoses of children and adolescents. RESULTS: Twelve-month prevalence rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–defined disorders in this sample were 8.6% for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 3.7% for mood disorders, 2.1% for conduct disorder, 0.7% for panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, and 0.1% for eating disorders. Boys had 2.1 times greater prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than girls, girls had twofold higher rates of mood disorders than boys, and there were no gender differences in the rates of anxiety disorders or conduct disorder. Only approximately one half of those with one of the disorders assessed had sought treatment with a mental health professional. CONCLUSION: These data constitute a first step in building a national database on mental health in children and adolescents.

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Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001-2004 NHANES

The Developmental Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders: Phenomenology, Prevalence, and Comorbidity

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE, THIRD EDITION Edited by Bruce Lubotsky Levin, Kevin D. Hennessy, John Petrila Oxford University Press FOREWORD Howard Goldman PREFACE Bruce Lubotsky Levin, Kevin D. Hennessy, John Petrila PART I SERVICES DELIVERY ISSUES Chapter 1 Public Health Approach to Mental Health-Bruce Lubotsky Levin, Ardis Hanson, Kevin D. Hennessy, John Petrila Chapter 2 The Financing of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services: Insurance, Managed Care, and Reimbursement - Samuel H. Zuvekas Chapter 3 Law, Services Delivery, & Policy - John Petrila, Bruce Lubotsky Levin Chapter 4 Quality Improvement - Kevin Hennessy Chapter 5 Workforce - Rebecca Morris & Anne Lezak PART II SELECTED POPULATIONS & TREATMENT SETTINGS Section A At-Risk Populations Chapter 6 Addressing the Global Burden of Mental Disorders: The WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative - Philip S. Wang, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Sing Lee, T. Bedirhan UEstun, Ronald C. Kessler Chapter 7 The Epidemiology of Mental Disorders- Ron Kessler, Kathleen Merikangas, Philip Wang Chapter 8 Children & Adolescents - Sharon Green-Hennessy Chapter 9 Adults - Alex Young, Noosha Niv Chapter 10 Older Adults - Steven Bartels, Aricca D. Van Citters Chapter 11 The Treatment System for Alcohol and Drug Disorders Dennis McCarty, Traci Rieckmann Chapter 12 The Public Health Implications of Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders - Fred Osher, Jill Hensley Section B Treatment Settings Chapter 13 State Mental Health Agencies - Ted Lutterman, Michael Hogan, Bernadette Phelan, Noel, Mazade Chapter 14 Community Mental Health Centers & Community Mental Health - Tom Doub, Dennis Morrison, Jan Goodson Chapter 15 Specialty Hospitals and Psychiatric Units - Faith B. Dickerson, Steve Sharfstein Chapter 16 Evolution and Integration of Primary Care Services with Specialty Mental Health Services - Ron Manderscheid Chapter 17 School Mental Health - Mark Weist, Robert Burke, Carl Paternite, Julie Goldstein, Paul Flaspohler Chapter 18 Mental Health Treatment in Criminal Justice Settings Alison Redlich, Karen J. Cusack PART III SPECIAL ISSUES Chapter 19 Mental Health Disparities - Junius Gonzales, Airia Sasser Papadopoulos Chapter 20 The Recovery Movement - Bill Anthony & Lori Ashcraft Chapter 21 Economic Issues in Psychotropic Medication Use - Marisa Elena Domino, Joel F. Farley Chapter 22 The Complexity of Mental Health Research Data - Ardis Hanson, Bruce Lubotsky Levin Chapter 23 Evaluating Mental Health Systems and Systems Change - H. Stephen Leff, Crystal Blyler

Mental health services : a public health perspective

Overview & Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Women.- Public Health and Women's Mental Health.- Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Girls and Female Adolescents.- Mental Conditions in Adult Women: Epidemiology and Impact.- Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Older Women.- Physical Illness and Medical Needs of Women with Mental Disorders.- Selected Disorders.- Depression and Postpartum Disorders.- Eating Disorders.- Menopause.- Substance Abuse.- HIV/AIDS and Mental Disorders.- Services Delivery & Emerging Research.- Services in an Era of Managed Care.- Evidence-Based Medicine.- Mental Health Issues of Incarcerated Women.- Services in the Workplace.- Organizational Stress and Trauma-Informed Services.- Services in Rural Areas.- Social and Community Contexts.- Racial and Ethnic Disparities.- Parenting and Recovery for Mothers with Mental Disorders.- Navigating the Worlds of Information.

A Public Health Perspective of Women's Mental Health

Cummings, O'Donohue, Where We Are, How We Got There, and Where We Need to Go: The Promise of Integrated Healthcare. Cummings, Our 50-minute Hour in the Nanosecond Era: The Need for a Third "E" in Behavioral Healthcare: Efficiency. Cummings, O'Donohue, Cummings, The Financial Dimension of Integrated Behavioral/Primary Care. Levin, Hanson, Mental Health Informatics. Papa, Draper, E-health and Telehealth. Sammons, Can Prescribing Psychologists Assist in Providing More Cost-effective, Quality Mental Health Care? Widiger, Diagnostic System Innovations. Klonsky, Evidence-based Treatment. O'Donohue, Ammirati, Lilienfeld, The Quality Improvement Agenda in Behavioral Health Reform. Freeman, The Behavioral Health Medical Home. O'Donnell, Reforms in Professional Education. Cummings, Cummings, Pay for Performance and Other Innovations in Reimbursement for Behavioral Care Services. Garrison-Diehm, Rummel, Catlin, Fisher, Trends in Behavioral Health Care for an Aging America. Caccavale, Failure to Serve: The Use of Medications as a First-line Treatment and Misuse in Behavioral Interventions. Bray, Reforms in Treating Children and Families. Benuto, Leany, Reforms for Ethnic Minorities and Women. Oss, Wellness and Prevention: Key Elements in the Next Generation of Behavioral Health Service Delivery System. Chaffee, Reforms in Veteran and Military Behavioral Health. Thomas, Biofeedback.

Mental Health Informatics

Many adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) can access health and long-term services and supports (LTSS) through Medicaid. States are reforming their Medicaid LTSS programs from a fee-for-service model to a Medicaid managed LTSS (MLTSS) approach, anticipating improved quality of care and reduced costs, although there is limited evidence of MLTSS effectiveness. This study's objective was to contribute to the growing MLTSS research literature by describing MLTSS implementation in Kansas for adults with IDD. Thirty-one stakeholders completed in-depth semi-structured interviews, representing state or regional groups, service coordination providers, and family caregivers. Findings identify key aspects of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' new MLTSS regulations in the design and implementation of MLTSS programs.

Implementation of Medicaid Managed Long-Term Services and Supports for Adults With Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities in Kansas

Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs have become increasingly popular during the last 20 years. Although the benefits of SEL programs are significant, the issue of implementation fidelity often arises. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of implementation fidelity in the Life Skills Training (LST) program implemented with middle school students in a large Florida school district. Three core elements of implementation fidelity were assessed including: (1) adherence; (2) participant responsiveness; and (3) quality of delivery. Student survey data were collected from 4812 students and 104 classrooms in 16 middle schools that participated in the LST program. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the effect of individual-level [gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES)] and classroom-level characteristics (adherence, participant responsiveness, and quality of delivery) on students’ SEL outcomes measured at posttest. At the individual level, results indicated that students’ race/ethnicity and SES were significantly associated with predicting student SEL outcomes at posttest. At the classroom level, participant responsiveness was significantly associated with predicting student SEL skills at posttest. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for research and practice.

Bruce Lubostsky Levin

Papers

Mental health services : a public health perspective

A Public Health Perspective of Women's Mental Health

Mental Health Informatics

Implementation of Medicaid Managed Long-Term Services and Supports for Adults With Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities in Kansas

The Impact of Implementation Fidelity on Student Outcomes in the Life Skills Training Program