Cu(I) hybrid inorganic-organic materials with intriguing stimuli responsive and optoelectronic properties

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The Science And Engineering Of Materials

Dr. Suib is a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and received the CT Medal of Science for his work in catalysis, semiconductors and ceramic composites. He received a B. S. degree in chemistry and geology at the State University College of New York at Fredonia. His graduate and postdoctoral training was completed at the University of Illinois at Champaign Urbana. In 1980, Steve joined UConn’s faculty in the Department of Chemistry and served as the head of the department for 10 years. He is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemists.

Materials by Design

Electrode processing plays an important role in advancing lithium-ion battery technologies and has a significant impact on cell energy density, manufacturing cost, and throughput. Compared to the extensive research on materials development, however, there has been much less effort in this area. In this Review, we outline each step in the electrode processing of lithium-ion batteries from materials to cell assembly, summarize the recent progress in individual steps, deconvolute the interplays between those steps, discuss the underlying constraints, and share some prospective technologies. This Review aims to provide an overview of the whole process in lithium-ion battery fabrication from powder to cell formation and bridge the gap between academic development and industrial manufacturing.

From Materials to Cell: State-of-the-Art and Prospective Technologies for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing.

Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aenm.202102917

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Combination of CuI and tetrahydrothiophene (THT) in MeCN or neat THT produces various phases, depending upon experimental conditions. Green luminescent product (CuI)4(THT)2 (1) consists of Cu4I4 cubane units knit into a 3-D network by μ2-THT ligands. Dull yellow luminescent (CuI)10(THT)7(MeCN) (2) contains {[Cu4I4(THT)](μ2-THT)2(Cu2I2)(μ2-THT)2[Cu4I4(NCMe)]} “rungs” linked into 1-D ladders by pairs of μ2-THT ligands. Two molecular (CuI)4(THT)4 phases were found: orange luminescent 3a and yellow luminescent 3b. Triclinic 3b is the more stable phase at 25 °C, but it undergoes endothermic transformation to monoclinic 3a at 38 °C. Compound 3a transforms to a triclinic phase (3a′) that retains orange emission at −60 °C. Nonemissive (CuI)3(THT)3·MeCN (4) is a 2-D sheet structure in which Cu3(THT)3 rings are linked in trigonal directions by rhomboid Cu2I2 dimer units. The previously reported (CuI)2(THT)4 (5) is a molecular dimer. Temperature and mixing ratio domains for the formation of the CuI–THT phases from M...

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=chemistrypub

Structure, Dynamics, and Photophysics in the Copper(I) Iodide–Tetrahydrothiophene System

Recycled cathode materials enabled superior performance for lithium-ion batteries

Cold gas-dynamic spray is a solid-state materials consolidation technology that has experienced successful adoption within the coatings, remanufacturing and repair sectors of the advanced manufacturing community. As of late, cold spray has also emerged as a high deposition rate metal additive manufacturing method for structural and nonstructural applications. As cold spray enjoys wider recognition and adoption, the demand for versatile, high-throughput and significant methods of particulate feedstock as well consolidated materials characterization has also become more notable. In order to address the interest for such an instrument, nanoindentation is presented herein as a viable means of achieving the desired mechanical characterization abilities. In this work, conventionally static nanoindentation testing using both Berkovich and spherical indenter tips, as well as nanoindentation using the continuous stiffness measurement mode of testing, will be applied to a range of powder-based feedstocks and cold sprayed materials.

Nanomechanical Characterization for Cold Spray: From Feedstock to Consolidated Material Properties

The prospect of aqueous processing of LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathodes has significant appeal to battery manufacturers for the reduction in materials cost, toxicological risk, and environmental impact compared to conventional N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based processing. However, the effects of aqueous processing of NMC powders at industrial timescales are not well studied, with prior studies mostly focusing on relatively brief water washing processes. In this work, we investigate the bulk and surface impacts of extended aqueous processing of polycrystalline NMC powders with different compositions. We demonstrate that at timescales of several hours, polycrystalline NMC is susceptible to intergranular fracture, with the severity of fracture scaling with the NMC nickel content. While bulk crystallinity and composition are unchanged, surface sensitive techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that the exposure of water leads to a level of delithiation, nickel reduction, and reconstruction from the layered to rock-salt structure at the surface of individual grains. Dynamic single NMC microparticle compression testing suggests that the resulting mechanical stresses weaken the integrity of the polycrystalline particle and increases susceptibility of intergranular fracture. The initially degraded surfaces along with the increased surface area lead to faster capacity fade and impedance growth during electrochemical cycling. From this work, it is demonstrated that NMC powders require surface or grain boundary modifications to make industrial-scale aqueous cathode processing viable, especially for next-generation nickel-rich NMC chemistries.

Effects of Extended Aqueous Processing on Structure, Chemistry, and Performance of Polycrystalline LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode Powders.

This article contextualizes how the antimicrobial properties and antipathogenic contact killing/inactivating performance of copper cold spray surfaces and coatings and can be extended to the COVID-19 pandemic as a preventative measure. Specifically, literature is reviewed in terms of how copper cold spray coatings can be applied to high-touch surfaces in biomedical as well as healthcare settings to prevent fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through rapidly inactivating SARS-CoV-2 virions after contaminating a surface. The relevant literature on copper-based antipathogenic coatings and surfaces are then detailed. Particular attention is then given to the unique microstructurally-mediated pathway of copper ion diffusion associated with copper cold spray coatings that enable fomite inactivation.

/pdf/antimicrobial-copper-cold-spray-coatings-and-sars-cov-2-4t7nq9btct.pdf

Bryer C. Sousa

Papers

Structure, Dynamics, and Photophysics in the Copper(I) Iodide–Tetrahydrothiophene System

Recycled cathode materials enabled superior performance for lithium-ion batteries

Nanomechanical Characterization for Cold Spray: From Feedstock to Consolidated Material Properties

Effects of Extended Aqueous Processing on Structure, Chemistry, and Performance of Polycrystalline LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode Powders.

Antimicrobial Copper Cold Spray Coatings and SARS-CoV-2 Surface Inactivation