This paper summarizes the results obtained from geometric and radiometric calibrations of the Phased-Array L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite, which has been in space for three years. All of the imaging modes of the PALSAR, i.e., single, dual, and full polarimetric strip modes and scanning synthetic aperture radar (SCANSAR), were calibrated and validated using a total of 572 calibration points collected worldwide and distributed targets selected primarily from the Amazon forest. Through raw-data characterization, antenna-pattern estimation using the distributed target data, and polarimetric calibration using the Faraday rotation-free area in the Amazon, we performed the PALSAR radiometric and geometric calibrations and confirmed that the geometric accuracy of the strip mode is 9.7-m root mean square (rms), the geometric accuracy of SCANSAR is 70 m, and the radiometric accuracy is 0.76 dB from a corner-reflector analysis and 0.22 dB from the Amazon data analysis (standard deviation). Polarimetric calibration was successful, resulting in a VV/HH amplitude balance of 1.013 (0.0561 dB) with a standard deviation of 0.062 and a phase balance of 0.612deg with a standard deviation of 2.66deg .

PALSAR Radiometric and Geometric Calibration

We assess the performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) compact polarimetry architectures based on mixed basis measurements, where the transmitter polarization is either circular or orientated at 45/spl deg/(/spl pi//4), and the receivers are at horizontal and vertical polarizations with respect to the radar line of sight. An original algorithm is proposed to reconstruct the full polarimetric (FP) information from this architecture. The performance assessment is twofold: it first concerns the level of information preserved in comparison with FP, both for point target analysis and crop fields classification, using L-band SIRC/XSAR images acquired over Landes forest and Jet Propulsion Laboratory AIRSAR images acquired over Flevoland. Then, it addresses the space implementation complexity, in terms of processed swath, downloading features, power budget, calibration, and ionospheric effects. The polarization uniqueness in transmission of this mixed basis mode, hereafter referred to as the /spl pi//4 mode, maintains the standard lower pulse repetition frequency operation and hence maximizes the coverage of the sensor. Because of the mismatch between transmitter and receiver basis, the power budget is deteriorated by a factor of 3 dB, but it can partly be compensated.

Compact polarimetry based on symmetry properties of geophysical media: the /spl pi//4 mode

This study provides an update of the polarimetric tools currently being used for optimum information extraction from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The basics of polarimetric theory are summarized and discussed in the context of SAR. Calibration of polarimetric SAR, which is an important issue for the extraction of meaningful polarization information, is reviewed. Information extraction using the scattered and received wave parameters and target decomposition theory is considered. In particular, the use of coherent versus incoherent target decomposition is discussed and the practical limitations of these target decompositions are outlined. Speckle filtering and classification of polarimetric SAR images are also thoroughly analyzed, and the important directions for future research are outlined.

A review of polarimetry in the context of synthetic aperture radar: concepts and information extraction

The present article is an introductory paper in this special issue on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A short review is presented on the recent trend and development of SAR and related techniques with selected topics, including the fields of applications, specifications of airborne and spaceborne SARs, and information contents in and interpretations of amplitude data, interferometric SAR (InSAR) data, and polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. The review is by no means extensive, and as such only brief summaries of of each selected topics and key references are provided. For further details, the readers are recommended to read the literature given in the references theirin.

Recent Trend and Advance of Synthetic Aperture Radar with Selected Topics

Compact polarimetry is a technique that allows construction of pseudo quad-pol information from dual-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. Compact polarimetry showed promise of being able to reduce the complexity, cost, mass, and data rate of a SAR system while attempting to maintain many capabilities of a fully polarimetric system. In this paper, we study different transmit/receive configurations to determine which polarimetric configurations allow for superior reconstruction of the fully polarimetric data. We discuss modifications of the original reconstruction algorithm proposed by Souyris , which show potential to better reconstruct fully polarimetric data.

Comparison of Compact Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Modes

Several proposed near-future spaceborne radar missions, such as the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and TerraSAR, will include an L-band instrument. At such low frequencies, the Faraday rotation in the ionosphere, which rotates the polarization plane of the radar signal, becomes an important consideration in instrument design. In this paper, both simple analytic approximations and numerical models are used to derive likely values of Faraday rotation and determine their impact on polarimetric imagery and derived products. One-way rotations exceeding 5/spl deg/ are likely to significantly reduce the accuracy of geophysical parameter recovery, such as forest biomass. On average, Faraday rotation can be neglected at solar minimum, but correction methods are needed at other times of the solar cycle and under disturbed conditions. Methods for implementing such corrections based on estimates of the Faraday rotation and prerotation of the transmitted signal are described.

C.D. Hall

Papers

Faraday rotation effects on L-band spaceborne SAR data