PROTRACED COUNTERINSURGENCY: CHINESE COIN STRATEGY IN XINJIANG by MAJ J. Scott LaRonde, USA, 95 pages. In 1949, following the conclusion of its revolutionary war against the Chinese Nationalist forces, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) peacefully occupied China’s western most province of Xinjiang. For nearly sixty years, the PLA has conducted a counterinsurgency against several, mostly Uyghur-led, separatist movements. Despite periods of significant violence, particularly in the early 1950s and again in the 1990s, the separatist forces have not gained momentum and remained at a level one insurgency. Mao ZeDeng is revered as a master insurgent and the father of Fourth Generation Warfare. Strategists in armies worldwide study his writings on revolutionary and guerilla warfare. This monograph concludes that Mao, as well as the communist leaders who followed him, was also successful at waging protracted counterinsurgency. For nearly sixty years, separatist movements in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Taiwan have all failed. This monograph analyzes the conflict in Xinjiang and concludes that the Chinese continue to defeat the separatist movement in Xinjiang through a strategy that counters Mao’s seven fundamentals of revolutionary warfare.

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Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited

The authors tested three hypotheses from social dominance theory in four cultures: (a) that individual differences in social dominance orientation (SDO), or the preference for group-based inequality, can be reliably measured in societies that are group-based hegemonies; (b) that SDO correlates positively with attitudes supporting hegemonic groups and correlates negatively with attitudes supporting oppressed groups; and (c) that men are higher on SDO than women. For the most part, the results confirmed the hypotheses. SDO scales were internally reliable and were administered in English, Chinese, and Hebrew. SDO scores correlated with sexism, measured in culturally appropriate ways, in every culture, and with ethnic prejudice and other attitudes concerning the local hegemony except in China. Men were higher on SDO than women in most samples. Findings are discussed in terms of ideological and psychological facilitators of group dominance.

Social Dominance Orientation and the Legitimization of Inequality Across Cultures

1. Introduction: the old order John K. Fairbank 2. Ch'ing Inner Asia c.1800 Joseph Fletcher 3. Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion Susan Mann Jones and Philip A. Kuhn 4. The Canton trade and the Opium War Frederic Wakeman, Jr 5. The creation of the treaty system John K. Fairbank 6. The Taiping Rebellion Philip A. Kuhn 7. Sino-Russian relations, 1800-62 Joseph Fletcher 8. The heyday of the Ch'ing order in Mongolia, Sinkiang and Tibet Joseph Fletcher 9. The Ch'ing Restoration Kwang-Ching Liu 10. Self-strengthening: the pursuit of Western technology Ting-Yee Kuo and Kwang-Ching Liu 11. Christian missions and their impact to 1900 Paul A. Cohen Bibliographical essays Bibliography Glossary and index.

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The Cambridge History of China

From the first century, when Buddhism entered China, the foreign religion shaped Chinese philosophy, beliefs, and ritual. At the same time, Buddhism had a profound effect on the material world of the Chinese. This wide-ranging study shows that Buddhism brought with it a vast array of objects big and small--relics treasured as parts of the body of the Buddha, prayer beads, and monastic clothing--as well as new ideas about what objects could do and how they should be treated. Kieschnick argues that even some everyday objects not ordinarily associated with Buddhism--bridges, tea, and the chair--on closer inspection turn out to have been intimately tied to Buddhist ideas and practices. Long after Buddhism ceased to be a major force in India, it continued to influence the development of material culture in China, as it does to the present day. At first glance, this seems surprising. Many Buddhist scriptures and thinkers rejected the material world or even denied its existence with great enthusiasm and sophistication. Others, however, from Buddhist philosophers to ordinary devotees, embraced objects as a means of expressing religious sentiments and doctrines. What was a sad sign of compromise and decline for some was seen as strength and versatility by others. Yielding rich insights through its innovative analysis of particular types of objects, this briskly written book is the first to systematically examine the ambivalent relationship, in the Chinese context, between Buddhism and material culture.

The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture

1. General overview Part I. Basic Structure: 2. The parameters of China's external posture 3. Vietnam's basic parameters 4. The politics of asymmetry Part II. The Relational Dynamic: 5. From the beginnings to Vietnamese independence 6. Unequal empires 7. The brotherhood of oppression 8. Lips and teeth: 1949-75 9. Illusions of victory: 1975-90 10. From normalization to normalcy 11. Change and structure in asymmetry.

C. P. Fitzgerald

Papers

The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People.

China; a short cultural history

The Chinese view of their place in the world

The southern expansion of the Chinese people

China: a Short Cultural History.