In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, a biomaterial provides mechanical support and biochemical signals to encourage cell attachment and modulate cell behaviour. Nature’s template for a biomaterial is the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM contains intrinsic biochemical and mechanical cues that regulate cell phenotype and function in development, in homeostasis and in response to injury. The use of ECM-based materials in biomedical research has advanced from coating cell culture plates with purified ECM components to the design of ECM-mimicking biomaterials and the engineering of decellularized tissues aimed at recapitulating the dynamics, composition and structure of the ECM. In this Review, we highlight important matrix properties and functions in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, consider techniques such as proteomics for the investigation of matrix structure and composition and discuss different engineering strategies for the design of matrix-mimicking biomaterials. Tissue, whole organ and cell culture decellularization approaches are examined for their potential to preserve the tissue-specific biochemical composition and ultrastructure of the ECM and for the development of biomaterials that promote the formation of functional tissues in clinical applications. Finally, we investigate challenges and opportunities of ECM biomaterials for the design of organotypic models to study disease progression, for the ex vivo creation of engineered tissue and for the clinical translation of functional tissue reconstruction strategies in vivo. The extracellular matrix is nature’s template for an ideal biomaterial to guide tissue homeostasis and repair. In this Review, matrix-mimicking biomaterials and decellularized matrices are discussed for their potential to reconstruct and repair tissues in vitro and in vivo.

Extracellular matrix-based materials for regenerative medicine

Eco-friendly waste management strategies for greener environment towards sustainable development in leather industry: a comprehensive review

A systematic reconsideration on proteases

Canstatin, a C terminal fragment of the α 2 chain of type Ⅳ collagen, 24000 molecule weight, was found by Kamphaus in 1999. As a human basement membrane derived inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth, Canstatin has been paid great attention since it was isolated and identified. Canstatin significantly inhibited human endothelial cell migration, proliferation and murine endothelial cell tube formation. Canstatin also suppress in vivo growth of large and small size tumors in two human xenograft mouse models. Collectively, canstatin might be a powerful therapeutic molecule for suppressing angiogenesis and tumor growth and metastasis.

Canstatin,a novel matrix-derived inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth

The development of biomaterials with the potential to accelerate wound healing is a great challenge in biomedicine. In this study, four types of samples including pepsin soluble collagen sponge (PCS), acid soluble collagen sponge (ACS), bovine collagen electrospun I (BCE I) and bovine collagen electrospun II (BCE II) were used as wound dressing materials. We showed that the PCS, ACS, BCE I and BCE II treated rats increased the percentage of wound contraction, reduced the inflammatory infiltration, and accelerated the epithelization and healing. PCS, ACS, BCE I, and BCE II significantly enhanced the total protein and hydroxyproline level in rats. ACS could induce more fibroblasts proliferation and differentiation than PCS, however, both PCS and ACS had a lower effect than BCE I and BCE II. PCS, ACS, BCE I, and BCE II could regulate deposition of collagen, which led to excellent alignment in the wound healing process. There were similar effects on inducing the level of cytokines including EGF, FGF, and vascular endothelial marker CD31 among these four groups. Accordingly, this study disclosed that collagens (PCS and ACS) from tilapia skin and bovine collagen electrospun (BCE I and BCE II) have significant bioactivity and could accelerate wound healing rapidly and effectively in rat model.

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Fish Collagen Surgical Compress Repairing Characteristics on Wound Healing Process In Vivo.

Investigation into the cyto-protective and wound healing properties of cryptic peptides from bovine Achilles tendon collagen

Enzymatic dehairing: A comprehensive review on the mechanistic aspects with emphasis on enzyme specificity

Collagen, a predominant structural protein in extracellular matrix (ECM), is now considered to have probable roles in many biological activities and hence, in different forms have found application as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical therapy option Many of the biological properties are believed to be due to small hidden peptide residues in the collagen molecules, which come into play after the biodegradation or biosorption of the parent molecule These peptide regions are called cryptic peptides or by some, as cryptides The proteolytic hydrolysis of the ECM protein releases the cryptic peptides with many novel biological activities not exhibited directly by the parental protein which include angiogenic, antimicrobial, mitogenic and chemotactic properties The research for understanding the role of these cryptic peptide regions and making use of them in medical field is very active Such an understanding could lead to the development of peptide supplements for many biomedical applications The prolific research in this area is reviewed in this paper

Cryptic Peptides from Collagen: A Critical Review.

Bio-mimetic mineralization potential of collagen hydrolysate obtained from chromium tanned leather waste.

Exploration of chrome shaving hydrolysate as substrate for production of dehairing protease by Bacillus cereus VITSN04 for use in cleaner leather production

C. Shanthi

Papers

Investigation into the cyto-protective and wound healing properties of cryptic peptides from bovine Achilles tendon collagen

Enzymatic dehairing: A comprehensive review on the mechanistic aspects with emphasis on enzyme specificity

Cryptic Peptides from Collagen: A Critical Review.

Bio-mimetic mineralization potential of collagen hydrolysate obtained from chromium tanned leather waste.

Exploration of chrome shaving hydrolysate as substrate for production of dehairing protease by Bacillus cereus VITSN04 for use in cleaner leather production