Calvin H. Bartholomew

TL;DR: The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed in this paper, which can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor solid and/or solid solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing.

TL;DR: In this article, a review on deactivation and regeneration of heterogeneous catalysts classifies deactivation by type (chemical, thermal, and mechanical) and by mechanism (poisoning, fouling, thermal degradation, vapor formation, vapor-solid and solid-solid reactions, and attrition/crushing).

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the causes of deactivation of supported metal catalysts by carbon or coke formation, and found that deactivation can occur due to fouling of the metal surface, blockage of catalysts pores and voids, and actual physical disintegration of the catalyst support.

TL;DR: In this article, high temperature hydrogen adsorption and conventional 298 K adsorptions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide were characterized by unsupported cobalt and cobalt supported on silica, alumina, titania, magnesia, and carbon.

TL;DR: In this article, specific activity and selectivity of unsupported cobalt and cobalt supported on alumina, silica, titania, carbon, and magnesia carriers for CO hydrogenation were measured in a single-pass differential reactor at low conversions, 1 atm, and 175-350 °C.