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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of temperature change on diffraction patterns of liquid chlorine, tin, indium, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, and lithium was analyzed using Mo Kα radiation and the Fourier analysis of these patterns led to the determination of atomic distribution curves for each element.
Abstract: Monochromatic x‐ray diffraction patterns of liquid chlorine, tin, indium, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, and lithium were obtained, using Mo Kα radiation. The effect of temperature change on the patterns was determined for tin and indium. Fourier analyses of these patterns led to the determination of atomic distribution curves for each element. Each atom in liquid chlorine has one nearest neighbor, which means that chlorine is diatomic in the liquid state. The distribution curves for liquid tin, zinc and aluminum agree very well with the distributions in the corresponding crystals. The distribution curves for indium, cadmium, and lithium do not agree very well with distributions in the corresponding crystals.
98 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the electronic properties of liquid polyvalent metals are discussed in relation to the nearly free-electron model and the optical properties fit a simple Drude formula, with the same density of states as for free electrons.
Abstract: The electronic properties of liquid polyvalent metals are discussed in relation to the nearly-free-electron model. The observed Hall effect (including some new measurements on Hg, In and Sn) is consistent in most cases with a spherical Fermi surface for the valence electrons. The optical properties fit a simple Drude formula, with the same density of states as for free electrons. The evidence from the magnetic susceptibility and its change at the melting point is only qualitative, but is consistent with a free-electron sphere in the liquid. Only the observed small change in the Knight shift on melting is difficult to interpret in our model. As in I (Ziman 1961) the electrical resistivity is assumed to be represented, in first approximation, by an integral over the angle of scattering of a conduction electron, where the integrand contains the x-ray scattering function of the liquid and the Fourier transform of a ‘pseudo-potential’ for each ion. The formula adequately describes the data, with a pse...
393 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the available experimental data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc have been critically examined with the intention of establishing both a density and a visosity standard.
Abstract: The available experimental data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc have been critically examined with the intention of establishing both a density and a viscosity standard. All experimental data have been categorized into primary and secondary data according to the quality of measurement, the technique employed and the presentation of the data, as specified by a series of criteria. The proposed standard reference correlations for the density of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 0.6, 2.1, 0.4, 0.5, 2.2, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively. In the case of mercury, since density reference values already exist, no further work was carried out. The standard reference correlations for the viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 9.4, 14.0, 13.5, 2.1, 7.3, 15.7, 5.1, and 9.3, respectively.
207 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed discussion is given of apparatus and experimental methods and the procedure for processing experimental data is described from the polarization and absorption corrections to an estimation of the final radial distribution curve.
Abstract: Since the theoretical foundations of radial distribution analysis of liquid diffraction patterns were laid in 1927 by Zernike and Prins, progress in apparatus and experimental techniques has ensured a greater reliability and hence a greater confidence in the method as a means of evaluating the structure of liquids. A detailed discussion is given of apparatus and experimental methods and the procedure for processing experimental data is described from the polarization and absorption corrections to an estimation of the reliability of the final radial distribution curve. Spurious phenomena in the radial distribution curve may be due to errors in intensity observations due to statistical fluctuations, non-linearity of counter or photographic characteristics or from the termination effect which is, however, not significant for the broad distribution in liquids. A critical review is given of the individual radial distribution curves reported for monatomic, diatomic and polyatomic liquids, liquid alloys, water and its aqueous solutions, ionic liquids, molten oxides and glasses.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the atomic distribution curves were computed for all the above cases, and compared with results from x-ray diffraction, and the number of nearest neighbors is, within one half atom, about 9.0 to 9.5 atoms in each case.
Abstract: Neutron diffraction patterns have been obtained for the alkali metal liquids; lithium (180°C), sodium (100°C), potassium (65°C), rubidium (40°C, 160°C, 240°C, and 360°C), and cesium (30°C, 300°C, and 575°C). It was found necessary to correct intensities for scattering by a free atom for lithium and sodium but not for the heavier atoms. Atomic distribution curves were computed for all the above cases, and compared with results from x‐ray diffraction. Just above melting temperatures the nearest‐neighbor distances are for lithium 3.15 A, sodium 3.82 A, potassium 4.64 A, rubidium 4.97 A, and cesium 5.31 A, the number of nearest neighbors is, within one‐half atom, about 9.0 to 9.5 atoms in each case. At elevated temperatures with rubidium and cesium, a weak subsidiary concentration of atoms appears between the usual first and second neighbor concentration.
198 citations
107 citations