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Carl Michael Stahle

Bio: Carl Michael Stahle is an academic researcher from Goddard Space Flight Center. The author has contributed to research in topics: Detector & Semiconductor detector. The author has an hindex of 17, co-authored 74 publications receiving 1071 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two 3D position-sensitive room temperature semiconductor γ-ray spectrometers have been built using 1.cm 3 cubic CdZnTe crystals and the lateral coordinates of γray interaction are obtained from the location of the 11(x )×11( y ) pixellated anodes and the depth ( z ) is obtained from ratio of the signals coming from the cathode and the anode.
Abstract: Two 3-D position-sensitive room temperature semiconductor γ-ray spectrometers have been built using 1 cm 3 cubic CdZnTe crystals. The lateral coordinates of γ-ray interaction are obtained from the location of the 11( x )×11( y ) pixellated anodes and the depth ( z ) is obtained from the ratio of the signals coming from the cathode and the anode. Energy spectra from 662 keV incident γ-rays have been collected from each of the 11 (x)×11 (y)×20 (z) voxels in both of the CdZnTe devices. After corrections for electron trapping, the difference of weighting potentials in 3-D, and for the gain variation of the readout circuitry, energy resolutions of 1.70% (11.3 keV) FWHM and 1.84% (12.2 keV) FWHM were obtained at 662 keV γ-ray energy on the first and second detectors, respectively, from the whole bulk for single-pixel events. Possible improvements in the detector performance are discussed.

226 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a submillimeter-wave photometer was proposed using a combination of superconducting and single-electron devices, which would have high quantum efficiency, very low noise-equivalent powers, and eventually even submicrosecond timing resolution.
Abstract: We discuss the design for a submillimeter-wave photometer, using a combination of superconducting and single-electron devices, which would have high quantum efficiency, very low noise-equivalent powers, and eventually even submicrosecond timing resolution. The absorption of above-gap photons occurs in a small strip of superconducting Al, whose normal-state resistance can be matched efficiently to an antenna of a higher gap (Nb) superconductor. The quasiparticles produced by photon absorption are then confined via Andreev reflection, and forced to tunnel through a small SIS tunnel junction. The tunneling time is much shorter than the known (>10 /spl mu/s) quasiparticle recombination time, so collection efficiency will be high. The device sensitivity would be limited by the small subgap current in the high-quality Al/AlO/sub x//Al tunnel junction at temperatures (100 mK) well below T/sub c/. Scaling based on the larger junctions used in X-ray detector applications suggests that the total dark current can be <0.1 pA, or of order 10/sup 5/ electrons/second, corresponding to an NEP of less than 10/sup -19/ W//spl radic/Hz at 500 microns (600 GHz). The photocurrent will be measured using a fast single-electron transistor (RF-SET), which allows a shot-noise-limited performance even for the very small currents delivered from this low capacitance and high impedance SIS junction. Results of initial fabrication and dc characterization of an integrated photodetector are also given.

74 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) team has identified five key technologies to enable candidate architectures for the future large-aperture ultraviolet/optical/infrared (LUVOIR) space observatory envisioned by the NASA Astrophysics 30-year roadmap, Enduring Quests, Daring Visions.
Abstract: The Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) team has identified five key technologies to enable candidate architectures for the future large-aperture ultraviolet/optical/infrared (LUVOIR) space observatory envisioned by the NASA Astrophysics 30-year roadmap, Enduring Quests, Daring Visions. The science goals of ATLAST address a broad range of astrophysical questions from early galaxy and star formation to the processes that contributed to the formation of life on Earth, combining general astrophysics with direct-imaging and spectroscopy of habitable exoplanets. The key technologies are: internal coronagraphs, starshades (or external occulters), ultra-stable large-aperture telescopes, detectors, and mirror coatings. Selected technology performance goals include: 1x10-10 raw contrast at an inner working angle of 35 milli-arcseconds, wavefront error stability on the order of 10 pm RMS per wavefront control step, autonomous on-board sensing and control, and zero-read-noise single-photon detectors spanning the exoplanet science bandpass between 400 nm and 1.8 μm. Development of these technologies will provide significant advances over current and planned observatories in terms of sensitivity, angular resolution, stability, and high-contrast imaging. The science goals of ATLAST are presented and flowed down to top-level telescope and instrument performance requirements in the context of a reference architecture: a 10-meter-class, segmented aperture telescope operating at room temperature (~290 K) at the sun-Earth Lagrange-2 point. For each technology area, we define best estimates of required capabilities, current state-of-the-art performance, and current Technology Readiness Level (TRL) – thus identifying the current technology gap. We report on current, planned, or recommended efforts to develop each technology to TRL 5.

49 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) team identified five key technology areas to enable candidate architectures for a future large-aperture ultraviolet/optical/infrared (LUVOIR) space observatory envisioned by the NASA Astrophysics 30-year roadmap, “Enduring Quests, Daring Visions.”
Abstract: The Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) team identified five key technology areas to enable candidate architectures for a future large-aperture ultraviolet/optical/infrared (LUVOIR) space observatory envisioned by the NASA Astrophysics 30-year roadmap, "Enduring Quests, Daring Visions." The science goals of ATLAST address a broad range of astrophysical questions from early galaxy and star formation to the processes that contributed to the formation of life on Earth, combining general astrophysics with direct-imaging and spectroscopy of habitable exoplanets. The key technology areas are internal coronagraphs, starshades (or external occulters), ultra-stable large-aperture telescope systems, detectors, and mirror coatings. For each technology area, we define best estimates of required capabilities, current state-of-the-art performance, and current technology readiness level (TRL), thus identifying the current technology gap. We also report on current, planned, or recommended efforts to develop each technology to TRL 5.

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results from two 1 cm 3 CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometers with full 3D position sensitivity, which can provide independent spectral data for each of over 2000 volume elements.
Abstract: We present results from two 1 cm 3 CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometers with full 3-D position sensitivity. To our knowledge, these are the first reported semiconductor spectrometers that provide independent spectral data for each of over 2000 volume elements. Energy resolutions of 1.5–1.6% FWHM and position resolutions of 0.7×0.7×0.5 mm were obtained at 662 keV gamma-ray energy from the central region of both detectors for single-pixel events. With the 3-D position sensing capability, variations in spectral response over the detector volume were recorded using a 137Cs source. These measurements allow a study of full-energy peak efficiency, mean ionization energy and electron trapping as a function of 3-D position. The effects of material non-uniformity on detector spectroscopic performance are discussed.

42 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic physics of single-electron devices, as well as their current and prospective applications are reviewed, and some byproduct ideas which may revolutionize random access memory and digital-data-storage technologies are presented.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

1,451 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the material properties of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT, Cd1ˇxZnxTe) with zinc content xa 0:1−0.2 is presented in this paper.
Abstract: We present a comprehensive review of the material properties of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT, Cd1ˇxZnxTe) with zinc content xa 0:1‐0.2. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects of this material related to room temperature nuclear detectors. A review of the structural properties, charge transport, and contacting issues and how these are related to detector and spectrometer performance is presented. A comprehensive literature survey and bibliography are also included. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

771 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the development of superconducting micro-resonators can be found in this article, with particular attention given to the use of supercondensing micro-reonators as detectors.
Abstract: Interest in superconducting microresonators has grown dramatically over the past decade. Resonator performance has improved substantially through the use of improved geometries and materials as well as a better understanding of the underlying physics. These advances have led to the adoption of superconducting microresonators in a large number of low-temperature experiments and applications. This review outlines these developments, with particular attention given to the use of superconducting microresonators as detectors.

634 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor detectors are summarized and the technique for improving energy resolution and photopeak efficiencies is discussed.
Abstract: Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) have been regarded as promising semiconductor materials for hard X-ray and /spl gamma/-ray detection. The high atomic number of the materials (Z/sub Cd/=48, Z/sub Te/=52) gives a high quantum efficiency in comparison with Si. The large bandgap energy (Eg/spl sim/1.5 eV) allows us to operate the detector at room temperature. However, a considerable amount of charge loss in these detectors produces a reduced energy resolution. This problem arises due to the low mobility and short lifetime of holes. Recently, significant improvements have been achieved to improve the spectral properties based on the advances in the production of crystals and in the design of electrodes. In this paper we summarize 1) advantages and disadvantages of CdTe and CdZnTe semiconductor detectors and 2) the technique for improving energy resolution and photopeak efficiencies. Applications of these imaging detectors in future hard X-ray and /spl gamma/-ray astronomy missions are briefly discussed.

528 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Zhong He1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the Shockley-Ramo theorem based on the conservation of energy and showed how the energy is transferred from the bias supplies to the moving charge within a device.
Abstract: The Shockley–Ramo theorem is reviewed based on the conservation of energy. This review shows how the energy is transferred from the bias supplies to the moving charge within a device. In addition, the discussion extends the original theorem to include cases in which a constant magnetic field is present, as well as when the device medium is heterogeneous. The rapid development of single polarity charge sensing techniques implemented in recent years on semiconductor γ-ray detectors are summarized, and a fundamental interpretation of these techniques based on the Shockley–Ramo theorem is presented.

493 citations