Carlos Bustamante

TL;DR: In this paper , a geno-pheno platform that integrates heterogeneous data sources and applies learnings to common chronic disease conditions including Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension was presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the deposition of PLZT films and the design and testing of two-dimensional electrooptic modulators using these films, and several material and device related problems are addressed.

Abstract: Cells must operate far from equilibrium 1 , utilizing and dissipating energy continuously to maintain their organization and to avoid stasis and death. However, they must also avoid unnecessary waste of energy 2 . Recent studies have revealed that molecular machines are extremely efficient thermodynamically when compared to their macroscopic counterparts 3,4 . There are also tantalizing hints of molecular machines conserving energy while operating out of equilibrium 5,6 . However, the principles governing the efficient out-of-equilibrium operation of molecular machines remain a mystery. A theoretical framework has been recently formulated in which a generalized friction coefficient quantifies the energetic efficiency in non-equilibrium processes 7,8 . Moreover, it posits that to minimize energy dissipation, external control should drive the system along the reaction coordinate with a speed inversely proportional to the square root of that friction coefficient. Here, we test and validate the predictions of this theory by probing the non-equilibrium energetic efficiency of a single DNA hairpin subjected to unfolding and refolding protocols using a dual-trap optical tweezers.

TL;DR: Structural data indicate that removal of SOQ most likely weakens interactions among light-harvesting antenna complexes, consequently, the separation among supercomplexes increases while the complexes' density decreases, providing further support for a role of SoQ1 in a novel NPQ pathway.