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Carol A. Zaher

Bio: Carol A. Zaher is an academic researcher from Bristol-Myers Squibb. The author has contributed to research in topics: Continuing medical education & Licensure. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 101 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Men were more likely to describe their primary or secondary role as a clinical/non-invasive than invasive cardiologist as discussed by the authors, while women cardiologists report overall lower satisfaction with work and advancement, particularly within academic practice.

90 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For practicing physicians, the primary means for keeping abreast of change has been continuing medical education (CME), which is also linked to medical licensure in many states.

12 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Medical schools, teaching hospitals, and academic societies should emphasize faculty diversity in departmental reviews, evaluating department chairs on their development of women faculty and target women's professional development needs within the context of helping all faculty maximize their faculty appointments.
Abstract: The AAMC's Increasing Women's Leadership Project Implementation Committee examined four years of data on the advancement of women in academic medicine. With women comprising only 14% of tenured faculty and 12% of full professors, the committee concludes that the progress achieved is inadequate. Because academic medicine needs all the leaders it can develop to address accelerating institutional and societal needs, the waste of most women's potential is of growing importance. Only institutions able to recruit and retain women will be likely to maintain the best housestaff and faculty. The long-term success of academic health centers is thus inextricably linked to the development of women leaders. The committee therefore recommends that medical schools, teaching hospitals, and academic societies (1) emphasize faculty diversity in departmental reviews, evaluating department chairs on their development of women faculty; (2) target women's professional development needs within the context of helping all faculty maximize their faculty appointments, including helping men become more effective mentors of women; (3) assess which institutional practices tend to favor men's over women's professional development, such as defining “academic success” as largely an independent act and rewarding unrestricted availability to work (i.e., neglect of personal life); (4) enhance the effectiveness of search committees to attract women candidates, including assessment of group process and of how candidates' qualifications are defined and evaluated; and (5) financially support institutional Women in Medicine programs and the AAMC Women Liaison Officer and regularly monitor the representation of women at senior ranks.

344 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The majority of factors associated with satisfaction are modifiable, and Tangible recommendations for measuring and diminishing dissatisfaction are given.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: There is concern in the US about the burden and potential ramifications of dissatisfaction among physicians. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the literature on US physician satisfaction. METHODS: A MEDLINE search with the medical subject headings (MeSH) phrases: (physicians OR physician's role OR physician's women) AND (job satisfaction OR career satisfaction OR burnout), limited to humans and abstracts, with 1157 abstracts reviewed. After exclusions by 2 independent reviewers, 97 articles were included. Physician type sampled, sample size/response rate, satisfaction type, and satisfaction results were extracted for each study. Satisfaction trends were extracted from those studies with longitudinal or repeated cross sectional design. Variables associated with satisfaction were extracted from those studies that included multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Physician satisfaction was relatively stable, with small decreases primarily among primary care physicians (PCPs). The major pertinent mediating factors of satisfaction for hospitalists include both physician factors (age and specialty), and job factors (job demands, job control, collegial support, income, and incentives). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of factors associated with satisfaction are modifiable. Tangible recommendations for measuring and diminishing dissatisfaction are given. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:560–570. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.

179 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a clinical trial of 178 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, treatment improved the 6-minute walk (6MW) distance but not the peak VO2 as mentioned in this paper, and the authors examined the exercise data from all study sites patients received either the endothelin receptor antagonist sitaxsentan or placebo and underwent serial 6MW and cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Abstract: In a clinical trial of 178 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, treatment improved the 6-minute walk (6MW) distance but not the peak VO2 To clarify this discrepancy, we examined the exercise data from all study sites Patients received either the endothelin receptor antagonist sitaxsentan or placebo and underwent serial 6MW and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) In 518 pairs of body weight-adjusted and unadjusted 6MW and CPET data, the correlation between 6MW and peak VO2 was 048 In the 4 sites with the highest overall correlation at baseline (r = 062 compared with 046 for the other 19 sites, p = 004), the correlations at baseline (066) and at week 12 (065) were similar (p = 090) However, the correlation increased significantly from baseline (034) to week 12 (054, p = 00005) for the other 19 sites The correlations between weight-adjusted 6MW distance and peak VO2 for all centers (076) were significantly higher than the unadjusted correlations (048, p < 00001) Improvement in the correlations over time between the 6MW and CPET data at less-experienced sites was most consistent with improved technical skill with increasing experience Weight adjustment of the 6MW improved its correlation with peak VO2 In conclusion, in future multicenter trials, CPET expertise should be validated at all sites before subject enrollment

148 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although women now make up a large proportion of the medical student body in industrialized nations, they are still under-represented in a number of disciplines and in the higher echelons of medicine.
Abstract: Purpose This article describes the current position of women in the field of medicine. Procedures Material was gathered using a MEDLINE search for recent articles on women’s career progress in medicine and data from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Main findings Although women now make up a large proportion of the medical student body in industrialized nations, they are still under-represented in a number of disciplines and in the higher echelons of medicine. A number of possible obstacles to career goals that presumably act synergistically include domestic responsibilities, rigidity in career structures and discrimination. Conclusions Organizations in the field of medicine can look to the business world for ‘best practices’ aimed at advancing women to incorporate in their own organization. Medical schools and other institutions are taking the issue seriously as can be seen from the variety of government and institution-based initiatives directed at improving the role of women in medicine.

135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The "radiation issue" is the need to consider possible deterministic effects (e.g., skin injuries) and long-term cancer risks due to ionizing radiation in the risk-benefit assessment of diagnostic or therapeutic testing.
Abstract: The "radiation issue" is the need to consider possible deterministic effects (e.g., skin injuries) and long-term cancer risks due to ionizing radiation in the risk-benefit assessment of diagnostic or therapeutic testing. Although there are currently no data showing that high-dose medical studies have actually increased the incidence of cancer, the "linear-no threshold" model in radioprotection assumes that no safe dose exists; all doses add up in determining cancer risks; and the risk increases linearly with increasing radiation dose. The possibility of deterministic effects should also be considered when skin or lens doses may be over the threshold. Cardiologists have a special mission to avoid unjustified or non-optimized use of radiation, since they are responsible for 45% of the entire cumulative effective dose of 3.0 mSv (similar to the radiological risk of 150 chest x-rays) per head per year to the US population from all medical sources except radiotherapy. In addition, interventional cardiologists have an exposure per head per year two to three times higher than that of radiologists. The most active and experienced interventional cardiologists in high volume cath labs have an annual exposure equivalent to around 5 mSv per head and a professional lifetime attributable to excess cancer risk on the order of magnitude of 1 in 100. Cardiologists are the contemporary radiologists but sometimes imperfectly aware of the radiological dose of the examination they prescribe or practice, which can range from the equivalent of 1-60 mSv around a reference dose average of 10-15 mSv for a percutaneous coronary intervention, a cardiac radiofrequency ablation, a multi-detector coronary angiography, or a myocardial perfusion imaging scintigraphy. A good cardiologist cannot be afraid of life-saving radiation, but must be afraid of radiation unawareness and negligence.

125 citations