Ch.W. Finkl

Bio: Ch.W. Finkl is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Sedimentary structures & Character (mathematics). The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 656 citations.

Pyroclastic density currents and the sedimentation of ignimbrites

Abstract: Pyoclastic density currents are awesome volcanic phenomena that can wreak destruction on a regional scale and can impact global climate. They deposit ignimbrites, which include vast impact lansdscape-modifying sheets with volumes exceeding 1000 km3.This book takes stock of our understanding of pyroclastic density currents and presents a new conceptual framework for investigating how ignimbrites are deposited. It integrates the results of field-based studies, laboratory experiments and numerical modelling, including work on clastic sedimentologym and industrial particle transport. Topics covered include the behaviour or particulate currents, mechanisms of clast support and segregation, interpreting ignimbrite lithofacies and architectures, and future research directions. The new approach focuses on processes and conditions within the lower flow-boundary zone of currents. Superb diagrams explain many new concepts, while the 95 photographs make an explanatiry atlas of deposit types. This is essential reading for workers investigating volcanic hazards, and for anyone wishing to interpret modern or ancient ignimbrites, as well as other catastrophically emplaced sediments. “Given the depth of scholarship that they have brought to the subject, the power of their arguments, and the degree of synthesis with other fields, this would seemto qualify as a seminal work… I think that this will be the paper on the topic that others will have to contend with for many years to come.” Marcus Bursik, State University of New York

Impact of Heterogeneity, Bed Forms, and Stream Curvature on Subchannel Hyporheic Exchange

Abstract: [1] Advection through hyporheic zones (HZ) consisting of heterogeneous channel bend streambed deposits and their equivalent homogenous medium was investigated using finite difference groundwater flow and transport simulations and forward particle tracking. The top prescribed head boundary was varied in order to mimic various stream channel head distributions resulting from the presence of bed forms and channel curvature. Flux calculations show that heterogeneity causes significant additional HZ flux compared to an equivalent homogenous medium. However, the major cause of HZ flux is a spatially periodic (sinusoidal) head distribution along the boundary, representing the effect of bed forms. The additional influence of heterogeneity on the total channel-bed exchange and the overall HZ geometry are increased when boundary head sinusoidal fluctuation is more subdued. We present dimensionless numbers that summarize these relationships. Heterogeneity's influence is further magnified by considering the effect of channel curvature on boundary heads. The simulations illustrate the dynamic influence of heterogeneity on the hyporheic zone since the various head boundaries employed in our modeling efforts are a proxy for different surface water conditions and bed form states that may occur during a single flood. Furthermore, we show that residence times (total tracking times) of particles originating from the streambed follow a lognormal distribution. In the presence of heterogeneity, residence times can decrease or they can increase compared to residence times for homogeneous conditions depending on the relative positions of the heterogeneities and the bed forms. Hence streambed heterogeneity and stream curvature, factors often neglected in previous modeling efforts, combine with bed form configuration to dynamically determine HZ geometry, fluxes, and residence time distributions.

Pyroclastic density currents

Abstract: Abstract High-speed, gravity-driven flows of hot particles and gas are a common and highly destructive product of explosive volcanism. They range widely in nature from expanded, turbulent suspension currents formed by lateral blasts or by the fountaining of vertical eruption columns, to highly concentrated granular avalanches formed by lava dome col-lapse or as dense underflows beneath suspension currents. The deposits from these flows, here called pyroclastic density currents, range in volume from much less than 1 km3 to thousands of cubic kilometres, and may extend over 100 km from their source. This chapter reviews the eruption, transport and deposition of pyroclastic density currents from both geological and physical perspectives, focussing on some recent advances.

Morphology and flow fields of three-dimensional dunes, Rio Paraná, Argentina: Results from simultaneous multibeam echo sounding and acoustic Doppler current profiling

Abstract: [1] Most past studies of river dune dynamics have concentrated on two-dimensional (2-D) bed forms, with constant heights and straight crest lines transverse to the flow, and their associated turbulent flow structure. This morphological simplification imposes inherent limitations on the interpretation and understanding of dune form and flow dynamics in natural channels, where dune form is predominantly three-dimensional. For example, studies over 2-D forms neglect the significant influence that lateral flows and secondary circulation may have on the flow structure and thus dune morphology. This paper details a field study of a swath of 3-D dunes in the Rio Parana, Argentina. A large (0.35 km wide, 1.2 km long) area of dunes was surveyed using a multibeam echo sounder (MBES) that provided high-resolution 3-D detail of the river bed. Simultaneous with the MBES survey, 3-D flow information was obtained with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), revealing a complicated pattern of dune morphology and associated flow structure within the swath. Dune three-dimensionality appears intimately connected to the morphology of the upstream dune, with changes in crest line curvature and crest line bifurcations/junctions significantly influencing the downstream dune form. Dunes with lobe or saddle-shaped crest lines were found to have larger, more structured regions of vertical velocity with smaller separation zones than more 2-D straight-crested dunes. These results represent the first integrated study of 3-D dune form and mean flow structure from the field and show several similarities to recent laboratory models of flow over 3-D dunes.