Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

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Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

Part One: The Context Of Educational Research Part Two: Planning Educational Research Part Three: Styles Of Educational Research Part Four: Strategies And Instruments For Data Collection And Researching Part Five: Data Analysis

Research Methods in Education

The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

The psychology of interpersonal relations

A circumplex model of affect

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

In this pioneering study, the authors deal with the nature and theory of meaning and present a new, objective method for its measurement which they call the semantic differential. This instrument is not a specific test, but rather a general technique of measurement that can be adapted to a wide variety of problems in such areas as clinical psychology, social psychology, linguistics, mass communications, esthetics, and political science. The core of the book is the authors' description, application, and evaluation of this important tool and its far-reaching implications for empirical research.

The Measurement of Meaning

The principle of congruity in the prediction of attitude change.

s, 1934, 8, No. 153. 50. KARWOSKI, T. F., & BERTHOLD, F., JR. Psychological studies in semantics: II. Reliability of free association tests. /. soc. Psychol, 1945,22,87-102. 51. KARWOSKI, T. F., GRAMLICH, F. W., & ARNOTT, P. Psychological studiesin semantics: I. Free association reactions to words, drawings, and NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF MEANING 235 objects. J, soc. PsychoL, 1944, 20, 233-247. 52. KARWOSKI, T. F., & ODBERT, H. S. Color-music. PsychoL Monogr., 1938, 50, No. 2 (Whole No. 222). 53. KARWOSKI, T. F., ODBERT, H. S., & OSGOOD, C. E. Studies in synesthetic thinking: II. The roles of form in visual responses to music. J. gen. PsychoL, 1942, 26, 199-222. 54. KARWOSKI, T. F., & SCHACHTER, J. Psychological studies in semantics: III. Reaction times for similarity and difference. J. soc, PsychoL, 1948, 28, 103-120. 55. KELLER, MARGARET. Mediated generalization: the generalization of a conditioned galvanic skin response established to a pictured object. Amer. J. PsychoL, 1943, 56, 438448. 56. KENT, GRACE H., & ROSANOFF, A, J. A study of association in insanity. Amer. J. Insanity, 1910, 67, 37-96, 317-390. 57. KOFFKA, K. Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1935. 58. KOHLER, W. Tlie mentality of apes. (Trans, by E. Winter.) New York: Harcourt Brace, 1925. 59. KOTLIAREVSKY, L. I. Cardio-vascular conditioned reflexes to direct and to verbal stimuli (trans, from Russian title), 1936. PsychoL Abstracts, 1939, 13, No. 4046. 60. Langfeld, H. S. Note on a case of chromaesthesia. PsychoL Bull., 1914, 11, 113-114. 61. Lazarus, R. S., & McCLEARY, R. A. Autonomic discrimination without awareness: A study of subception. PsychoL Rev., 1951, 58, 113-122, 62. LEVINE, R., CHEIN, I., & MURPHY, G. The relation of the intensity of a need to the amount of perceptual distortion: a preliminary report. /. PsychoL, 1942, 13, 283-293. 63. LYNCH, C. A. The memory values of certain alleged emotionally toned words. /. exper. Psycho!., 1932, 15, 298-315. 64. MCCLELLAND, D. C., & ATKINSON, J. W. The projective expression of needs: I. The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on perception. /. PsychoL, 1948, 25, 205-222. 65. McGiNNiES, E. Emotionality and perceptual defense. PsychoL Rev., 1949, 56, 244-251. 66. McGiNNiES, E. Discussion of Howes' and Solomon's note on \"Emotionality and perceptual defense,\" PsychoL Rev., 1950, 57, 235-240. 67. MAIER, N. R. F. Reasoning in humans. III. The mechanisms of equivalent stimuli and of reasoning. /. exp. PsychoL, 1945, 35, 349-360. 68. MALINOWSKI, B. The problem of learning in primitive languages. Supplement in C. K. Ogden, & I. A. Richards. The meaning of meaning. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1938. 69. MARBE, K. Experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungen fiber das Urteil. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1901. 70. MASON, M. Changes in the galvanic skin response accompanying reports of changes in meaning during oral repetition. /. gen. PsychoL, 1941, 25, 353-401. 71. MAUSNER, B., & SIEGEL, A. The effect of variation in \"value\" on perceptual thresholds. J. abnorm, soc. PsychoL, 1950, 45, 760-763. 72. MAX, L. W. An experimental study of the motor theory of consciousness. III. Action-current responses in deaf-mutes during sleep, sensory stimulation, and dreams. /. comp. PsychoL, 1935, 19, 469486, 73. MAX, L. W. An experimental study of the motor theory of consciousness. IV. Action-current responses in the deaf during awakening, 236 CHARLES E. OSGOOD kinaesthetic imagery, and abstract thinking. J. conip. Psycho!,., 1937, 24, 301-344. 74. MELTON, A. W., & IRWIN, J. McQ. The influence of degree of interpolated learning on retroactive inhibition and the overt transfer of specific response. Amer. J, Psycho!., 1940, 53, 173-203. 75. METZNER, C. A. The influence of preliminary stimulation upon human eyelid responses during conditioning and during subsequent heteromodalgeneralization. Sitmm. Doct. Diss. Univ. Wis., 1942, 7,

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Charles E. Osgood

Papers

The Measurement of Meaning

The principle of congruity in the prediction of attitude change.

The nature and measurement of meaning.

Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning

Method and theory in experimental psychology