Charles Gale

Bio: Charles Gale is an academic researcher from McGill University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Quark–gluon plasma & Photon. The author has an hindex of 53, co-authored 331 publications receiving 10903 citations. Previous affiliations of Charles Gale include Stony Brook University & Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.

Finite-Temperature Field Theory: Principles and Applications

Abstract: The 2006 second edition of this book develops the basic formalism and theoretical techniques for studying relativistic quantum field theory at high temperature and density. Specific physical theories treated include QED, QCD, electroweak theory, and effective nuclear field theories of hadronic and nuclear matter. Topics include: functional integral representation of the partition function, diagrammatic expansions, linear response theory, screening and plasma oscillations, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone theorem, resummation and hard thermal loops, lattice gauge theory, phase transitions, nucleation theory, quark-gluon plasma, and color superconductivity. Applications to astrophysics and cosmology cover white dwarf and neutron stars, neutrino emissivity, baryon number violation in the early universe, and cosmological phase transitions. Applications to relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are also included. The book is written for theorists in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Problems are given at the end of each chapter, and numerous references to the literature are included.

Elliptic and triangular flow in event-by-event D=3+1 viscous hydrodynamics.

Abstract: We present results for the elliptic and triangular flow coefficients ${v}_{2}$ and ${v}_{3}$ in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\text{ }\text{ }A\mathrm{GeV}$ using event-by-event $\mathrm{D}=3+1$ viscous hydrodynamic simulations. We study the effect of initial state fluctuations and finite viscosities on the flow coefficients ${v}_{2}$ and ${v}_{3}$ as functions of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity. Fluctuations are essential to reproduce the measured centrality dependence of elliptic flow. We argue that simultaneous measurements of ${v}_{2}$ and ${v}_{3}$ can determine $\ensuremath{\eta}/s$ more precisely.

Event-by-event anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions from combined Yang-Mills and viscous fluid dynamics

Abstract: Anisotropic flow coefficients v(1)-v(5) in heavy ion collisions are computed by combining a classical Yang-Mills description of the early time Glasma flow with the subsequent relativistic viscous hydrodynamic evolution of matter through the quark-gluon plasma and hadron gas phases. The Glasma dynamics, as realized in the impact parameter dependent Glasma (IP-Glasma) model, takes into account event-by-event geometric fluctuations in nucleon positions and intrinsic subnucleon scale color charge fluctuations; the preequilibrium flow of matter is then matched to the music algorithm describing viscous hydrodynamic flow and particle production at freeze-out. The IP-Glasma+MUSIC model describes well both transverse momentum dependent and integrated v(n) data measured at the Large Hadron Collider and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The model also reproduces the event-by-event distributions of v(2), v(3) and v(4) measured by the ATLAS Collaboration. The implications of our results for better understanding of the dynamics of the Glasma and for the extraction of transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma are outlined.

Hydrodynamic Modeling of Heavy-Ion Collisions

Abstract: We review progress in the hydrodynamic description of heavy-ion collisions, focusing on recent developments in modeling the fluctuating initial state and event-by-event viscous hydrodynamic simulations. We discuss how hydrodynamics can be used to extract information on fundamental properties of quantum chromodynamics from experimental data, and review successes and challenges of the hydrodynamic framework.

Extracting the jet transport coefficient from jet quenching in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract: Within five different approaches to parton propagation and energy loss in dense matter, a phenomenological study of experimental data on suppression of large-${p}_{T}$ single inclusive hadrons in heavy-ion collisions at both the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was carried out. The evolution of bulk medium used in the study for parton propagation was given by 2 + 1 dimensional or 3 + 1 dimensional hydrodynamic models which are also constrained by experimental data on bulk hadron spectra. Values for the jet transport parameter $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{q}$ at the center of the most central heavy-ion collisions are extracted or calculated within each model, with parameters for the medium properties that are constrained by experimental data on the hadron suppression factor ${R}_{AA}$. For a quark with initial energy of 10 GeV we find that $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{q}\ensuremath{\approx}1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ GeV${}^{2}$/fm at an initial time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}=0.6$ fm/$c$ in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV/n and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{q}\ensuremath{\approx}1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ GeV${}^{2}$/fm in Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=2.76$ TeV/n. Compared to earlier studies, these represent significant convergence on values of the extracted jet transport parameter due to new constraints provided by recent experiment data from the LHC.

I and i

Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

Quantum Theory of Fields

Abstract: To say that this is the best book on the quantum theory of fields is no praise, since to my knowledge it is the only book on this subject But it is a very good and most useful book The original was written in German and appeared in 1942 This is a translation with some minor changes A few remarks have been added, concerning meson theory and nuclear forces, also footnotes referring to modern work in this field, and finally an appendix on the symmetrization of the energy momentum tensor according to Belinfante Quantum Theory of Fields Prof Gregor Wentzel Translated from the German by Charlotte Houtermans and J M Jauch Pp ix + 224, (New York and London: Interscience Publishers, Inc, 1949) 36s

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Abstract: Monthly Notices is one of the three largest general primary astronomical research publications. It is an international journal, published by the Royal Astronomical Society. This article 1 describes its publication policy and practice.

Finite-temperature field theory

Abstract: In relativistic theories particle number is not conserved (although both lepton and baryon number are). Therefore when discussing the thermodynamics of a quantum field theory one uses the grand canonical formalism: the entropy S is maximised, keeping fixed the ensemble averages E and N of energy and lepton or baryon number. To implement these constraints two Lagrange multipliers are introduced, beta =1/kT and mu the chemical potential.