Rapid progress in the synthesis and processing of materials with structure on nanometer length scales has created a demand for greater scientific understanding of thermal transport in nanoscale devices, individual nanostructures, and nanostructured materials. This review emphasizes developments in experiment, theory, and computation that have occurred in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field. Interfaces between materials become increasingly important on small length scales. The thermal conductance of many solid–solid interfaces have been studied experimentally but the range of observed interface properties is much smaller than predicted by simple theory. Classical molecular dynamics simulations are emerging as a powerful tool for calculations of thermal conductance and phonon scattering, and may provide for a lively interplay of experiment and theory in the near term. Fundamental issues remain concerning the correct definitions of temperature in nonequilibrium nanoscale systems. Modern Si microelectronics are now firmly in the nanoscale regime—experiments have demonstrated that the close proximity of interfaces and the extremely small volume of heat dissipation strongly modifies thermal transport, thereby aggravating problems of thermal management. Microelectronic devices are too large to yield to atomic-level simulation in the foreseeable future and, therefore, calculations of thermal transport must rely on solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation; microscopic phonon scattering rates needed for predictive models are, even for Si, poorly known. Low-dimensional nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, are predicted to have novel transport properties; the first quantitative experiments of the thermal conductivity of nanotubes have recently been achieved using microfabricated measurement systems. Nanoscale porosity decreases the permittivity of amorphous dielectrics but porosity also strongly decreases the thermal conductivity. The promise of improved thermoelectric materials and problems of thermal management of optoelectronic devices have stimulated extensive studies of semiconductor superlattices; agreement between experiment and theory is generally poor. Advances in measurement methods, e.g., the 3ω method, time-domain thermoreflectance, sources of coherent phonons, microfabricated test structures, and the scanning thermal microscope, are enabling new capabilities for nanoscale thermal metrology.

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Nanoscale thermal transport

Some Preliminary Thoughts * Part I: Inviscid Hypersonic Flow * Hypersonic Shock and Expansion-Wave Relations * Local Surface Inclination Methods * Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Approximate Methods * Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Exact Methods * Part II: Viscous Hypersonic Flow * Viscous Flow: Basic Aspects, Boundary Layer Results, and Aerodynamic Heating * Hypersonic Viscous Interactions * Computational Fluid Dynamic Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows * Part III: High-Temperature Gas Dynamics * High-Temperature Gas Dynamics: Some Introductory Considerations * Some Aspects of the Thermodynamics of Chemically Reacting Gases (Classical Physical Chemistry) * Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics * Elements of Kinetic Theory * Chemical Vibrational Nonequilibrium * Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flows * Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows * Kinetic Theory Revisited: Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases * Viscous High-Temperature Flows * Introduction to Radiative Gas Dynamics.

Hypersonic and high temperature gas dynamics

Exposes the great foundation-stones of research on radiating flows in astrophysics. Upon them are built the walls of methodology (some understandably incomplete). Concentration is on fundamentals but with only few applications. Coverage broadly involves non-radiating fluids, physics of radiation, radiation transport, and dynamics of radiating fluids, and finally the elements of sensor calculus as used in this volume. Contents, abridged: Microphysics of gases. Dynamics of ideal fluids. Relativistic fluid flow. Radiation and radiative transfer. Radiating flows. Glossary of physical symbols. Index.

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Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics

Manufacturing processes that can create extremely small machines have been developed in recent years. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refer to devices that have characteristic length of less than 1 mm but more than 1 micron, that combine electrical and mechanical components and that are fabricated using integrated circuit batch-processing techniques. Electrostatic, magnetic, pneumatic and thermal actuators, motors, valves, gears, and tweezers of less than 100-μm size have been fabricated. These have been used as sensors for pressure, temperature, mass flow, velocity and sound, as actuators for linear and angular motion and as simple components for complex systems such as micro-heat-engines and micro-heat-pumps The technology is progressing at a rate that fa r exceeds that of our understanding of the unconventional physics involved in the operation as well as the manufacturing of those minute devices. The primary objective of this article is to critically review the status of our understanding of fluid flow phenomena particular to microdevices. In terms of applications, the paper emphasizes the use of MEMS as sensors and actuators for flow diagnosis and control.

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The Fluid Mechanics of Microdevices—The Freeman Scholar Lecture

In this letter, we report an experimental correlation [Eqs. (1a) and (1b) or (1c)] for the thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nanofluids as a function of nanoparticle size (ranging from 11nmto150nm nominal diameters) over a wide range of temperature (from 21to71°C). Following the previously proposed conjecture from the theoretical point-of-view (Jang and Choi, 2004), it is experimentally validated that the Brownian motion of nanoparticles constitutes a key mechanism of the thermal conductivity enhancement with increasing temperature and decreasing nanoparticle sizes.

http://textilamir.persiangig.com/other/Empirical%20correlation%20finding%20the%20role%20of%20temperature%20and%20particle%20size%20for.pdf

Charles H. Kruger

Papers

Introduction to physical gas dynamics

Introduction to physical gas dynamics