Charles H. Phoenix

Bio: Charles H. Phoenix is an academic researcher from University of Kansas. The author has contributed to research in topics: Testosterone & Testosterone propionate. The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 49 publications receiving 3672 citations.

Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig.

Abstract: The sexual behavior of male and female guinea pigs from mothers receiving testosterone propionate during most of pregnancy was studied after the attainment of adulthood. As a part of the investigation, the responsiveness of the females to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate was determined. The larger quantities of testosterone propionate produced hermaphrodites having external genitalia indistinguishable macroscopicalty from those of newborn males. Gonadectomized animals of this type were used for tests of their responsiveness to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate. The capacity to display lordosis following administration of estrogen and progesterone was greatly reduced. Male-like mounting behavior, on the other hand, was displayed by many of these animals even when lordosis could not be elicited. Suppression of the capacity for displaying lordosis was achieved with a quantity of androgen less than that required for masculinization of the exte...

Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses

Abstract: For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from...

Childhood Experience, Interpersonal Development, and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Theory of Socialization.

Abstract: The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite. The relation between this theory and prevailing theories of socialization, specifically, attachment, social-learning, and discrete-emotions theory, is considered and research consistent with our evolutionary theory is reviewed. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.

Sexing the body :gender politics and the construction ofsexuality

Abstract: Why do some people prefer heterosexual love while others fancy the same sex? Is sexual identity biologically determined or a product of convention? In this brilliant and provocative book, the acclaimed author of Myths of Gender argues that even the most fundamental knowledge about sex is shaped by the culture in which scientific knowledge is produced.Drawing on astonishing real-life cases and a probing analysis of centuries of scientific research, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates how scientists have historically politicized the body. In lively and impassioned prose, she breaks down three key dualisms - sex/gender, nature/nurture, and real/constructed - and asserts that individuals born as mixtures of male and female exist as one of five natural human variants and, as such, should not be forced to compromise their differences to fit a flawed societal definition of normality.

Atlas of estradiol-concentrating cells in the central nervous system of the female rat.

Abstract: Two hours following intraperitoneal injection, estradiol-H3 is concentrated by cells in a system of limbic and hypothalamic structures. Preoptic-hypothalamic nuclei containing estrogen-concentrating cells include the medial preoptic area, medial anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus and ventral premammillary nucleus. Limbic structures include the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, olfactory tubercle, ventral hippocampus, and prepiriform and entorhinal cortex. Labelled cells were also found in the lateral and ventrolateral portions of the mesencephalic central grey. Compared to these regions, most other regions of the nervous system, including the spinal cord, have very small numbers of labelled cells, which are relatively weakly labelled, and are not found in regular, specific locations. The distribution of estrogen-concentrating cells determined with the present autoradiographic method agrees with previous autoradiographic conclusions and with biochemical results from cell fractionation experiments. The locations of estrogen-concentrating cells coincide in several brain regions with locations of estrogen-dependent neuroendocrine control mechanisms, as determined by brain implants, lesions, electrical stimulation, and electrophysiological recording. Moreover, experimental neuroanatomical studies have provided evidence for several pathways connecting regions which concentrate radioactive estradiol. Taken together, the evidence suggests a limbic-hypothalamic system of estrogen-concentrating neurons which participate in the control of mating behavior and of gonadotrophin release from the pituitary.

Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality

Abstract: Why do some people prefer heterosexual love while others fancy the same sex? Is sexual identity biologically determined or a product of convention? In this brilliant and provocative book, the acclaimed author of Myths of Gender argues that even the most fundamental knowledge about sex is shaped by the culture in which scientific knowledge is produced.Drawing on astonishing real-life cases and a probing analysis of centuries of scientific research, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates how scientists have historically politicized the body. In lively and impassioned prose, she breaks down three key dualisms - sex/gender, nature/nurture, and real/constructed - and asserts that individuals born as mixtures of male and female exist as one of five natural human variants and, as such, should not be forced to compromise their differences to fit a flawed societal definition of normality.