Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

In recent years, industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems, and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment, and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper, a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges, and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines, and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. This paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. This paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs.

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A Critical Analysis of Research Potential, Challenges, and Future Directives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper is to discuss the state, trend, and frontiers of development of cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) in China. The demand for developing CPSS is discussed in detail, followed by the Artificial societies, Computational experiments, Parallel execution (ACP) approach for CPSS and knowledge automation. The development of ACP based on CPSS in transportation, energy, information, Internet of Things, and Internet of Minds (IoM) is discussed to demonstrate the cutting-edge applications in CPSS. Finally, the blockchainized IoM technology and the concepts of parallel society are described. This paper will contribute to the transition from the current social construct to a futuristic intelligent society.

Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: The State of the Art and Perspectives

It is the overriding trend of the present-day world that traditional systems and mobile devices are currently transforming into intelligent systems and smart devices. Against this backdrop, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) emerge as the times require. To achieve the parallel interactions between the human world and the computer network, IoT along with wireless mobile communication and computing open up some future opportunities as well as challenges for constructing a novel cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) that takes human factors into account during the system operation and management. In this article, a brief comprehensive survey is provided on some of the current research work that contributes to enabling CPSSs. Some crucial aspects of CPSSs are identified, including: the development from CPSs to CPSSs, architecture design, applications, standards, real-world case studies, enabling techniques and networks for CPSSs. To lay a foundation for the development of the upcoming smart world, we further propose a virtualization architecture and an integrated framework of caching, computing and networking for CPSSs. Simulations verify the performance improvement of the proposals. At last, some research issues with challenges and possible solutions are unearthed for researchers in the related research areas.

Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: A State-of-the-Art Survey, Challenges and Opportunities

Data fusion in cyber-physical-social systems: State-of-the-art and perspectives

SUMMARY

ZigBee is a wireless network technology suitable for applications requiring lower bandwidth, low energy consumption and small packet size Security has been one of the challenges in ZigBee networks Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) provides a binding of entities with public keys through a Certifying Authority (CA) Public key cryptography using public–private key pairs can be used for ensuring secure transmission in a network But large size of public and private keys and memory limitations in ZigBee devices pose a problem for using PKI to secure communication in ZigBee networks In this paper, we propose a PKI enabled secure communication schema for ZigBee networks Limited memory and power constraints of end devices restrict them from storing public keys of all other devices in the network Large keys cannot be communicated due to limited power of the nodes and small transmission packet size The proposed schema addresses these limitations We propose two algorithms for sending and receiving the messages The protocols for intercommunication between the network entities are also presented Minor changes have been introduced in the capabilities of devices used in the ZigBee networks to suit our proposed scheme Network adaptations depending on different scenarios are discussed The approach adopted in this paper is to alter the communication flow so as to necessitate minimum memory and computational requirements at the resource starved end points In the proposed PKI implementation, end devices store the public keys of only the coordinator which in turn holds public keys of all devices in the network All communication in our scheme is through the coordinator, which in the event of failure is re-elected through an election mechanism The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated using a protocol analyzer in home automation and messenger applications Results indicate that depending on the type of application, only a marginal increase in latency of 2 to 5 ms is introduced for the added security Layer wise traffic and packets captured between devices were analyzed Channel utilization, message length distribution and message types were also evaluated The proposed protocol's performance was found to be satisfactory on the two tested applications Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Design and implementation analysis of a public key infrastructure-enabled security framework for ZigBee sensor networks

Wireless sensor nodes have a wide span of applications ranging from industrial monitoring to military operations. These nodes are highly constrained in terms of battery life, processing capabilities, and in-built memory. Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have to meet the constraints and peculiarities of industrial environments to ensure synchronization with parallel production processes. Applications of WSNs in industrial communication vary from condition monitoring and sensing to process automation. The 6LoWPAN standard enables efficient utilization of IPv6 protocol over low-power wireless personal area networks (LoWPANs). The use of 6LoWPANs for industrial communication necessitates the fulfillment of special QoS and security. We examine the aspect of secured information dissemination for industrial control and automation processes in this paper. Researchers have proposed several schemes to secure transfer of data over the Internet. Public key infrastructure (PKI) is one of the most popular security schemes being used in the present scenario. The hostile deployment scenarios of 6LoWPANs and resource constraints of the nodes necessitate the presence of a robust security mechanism to safeguard the communication. In this paper, we propose an integration scheme for PKI and 6LoWPAN to meet the enhanced security needs of industrial communication. The approach is to delegate a major portion of key management activity to the edge routers (gateway) of the LoWPAN and limit the involvement of the end nodes to minimal communication with the edge router. We do not propose a change in the current PKI, but we put forth a scheme to facilitate the integration of PKI to 6LoWPAN in an efficient manner. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using a protocol analyzer for normal 6LoWPAN traffic as well as HUI HC-01 compressed traffic. A marginal increase of 2% in channel utilization was observed, which scaled down to 1% using HUI HC-01 compression. The results indicated that the proposed algorithm can be implemented for industrial control and automation networks without any speed, security, or performance tradeoffs.

A PKI Adapted Model for Secure Information Dissemination in Industrial Control and Automation 6LoWPANs

Integration of physical processes with the computing world is driving newer challenges for networking frameworks. Cyber physical social systems (CPSSs) are another upcoming paradigm that encompasses the ever-growing interaction between the physical, social, and cyber worlds. As communication networks form the basis of these interactions, a cognitive evaluation of networks is called for. This CPSS driven network evolution was a direction motivating this paper. With the implementation of the next generation networks, traffic from real-time interactive services, such as video conferencing, is surpassing those of conventional transactional services. As such multimedia data transportation over IP networks has stringent quality constraints in terms of required bandwidth, latency, and jitter, legacy networks with no quality of service face challenges in terms of performance. We attempt to perform a multivariate analysis of video call record data collected from a wide area organizational network over a period of time. Learning-based prediction is attempted by training four classifiers: naive Bayes, $k$ -nearest neighbor, decision tree, and support vector machine. Two independent set of experiments were conducted with oversights of bandwidth and destination prediction. Both the discrete and continuous valued predictors were involved in the training. Performance evaluation of the generated hypothesis in both the cases was conducted using tenfold cross validation. Combined analysis using the assorted combinations of attributes was conducted, and thereafter, the effect of each feature was evaluated through singular attribute portioning. This paper presents observations, which exhibit deviations from the conventional machine learning paradigms. An attempt to increase the prediction accuracy of the classifiers was made through the boosting ensemble methodology. However, miniscule addition in performance was achieved. A maximum prediction accuracy of 81% for bandwidth and 60% for destination was obtained. Reasons of low accuracy of conventionally better performing algorithm were reasoned with a mathematical comprehension. Divergence of the obtained results from the accepted patterns poses an open research problem, particularly with respect to the nature and peculiarities of the data set. The proposed learning technique can have potential applications in social, tactical, and strategic spheres.

Multivariate Data Fusion-Based Learning of Video Content and Service Distribution for Cyber Physical Social Systems

6LoWPAN standard enables efficient integration of low power wireless networks with IPv6. However the security requirements of 6LoWPANs are high due to undefined deployment scenarios and constrained capabilities of sensor nodes. A number of schemes have been devised for secure communication over the Internet, PKI being the most widely used of them. It provides authentication, non-repudiation, confidentiality and integrity. PKI does not qualify for use in 6LoWPAN as it is not streamlined for these networks and creates a communication and processing overhead which cannot be borne by a simple wireless sensor node. We provide a scheme to integrate PKI and 6LoWPAN by essentially delegating a major portion of key management activity to the edge routers (gateway) of the LoWPAN and limiting the involvement of the end nodes to minimum communication with the edge router. The edge router maintains a Local Key Database (LKDB) by remaining in constant contact with the certification authority (CA) server and oversees all related keying functions in the LoWPAN. A request packet format and algorithm to acquire keys of the destination from edge router is proposed. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme using a protocol analyzer indicated a time and increased packet count tradeoff for the enhanced level of security. An increase in packet payload during evaluation led to a significant increase in transmitted message count. The proposed scheme did not alter the nature of the packets transmitted and performed well at scalable loads.

Securing intra-communication in 6LoWPAN: A PKI integrated scheme

In this paper a cross-layer adaptive scheme is presented for transmission of H.264 encoded video over wireless channels, under a specified delay constraint. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is considered at the physical layer, accompanied by type-I hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) at the link layer. The HARQ scheme is cognizant of the video characteristics. It prioritizes the important independent (I) frames at the cost of dependent (P) frames, maintaining the group of pictures (GOP) deadline boundaries. At the application layer, quantization parameter (QP) variation is carried out to control the rate and quality requirements. This multi-layer adaptive scheme is modelled analytically as a multivariate nested Markov chain (MC). The proposed approach takes into account both fading and shadowing effects of the wireless channel. Numerical results highlight performance benefits of the proposed model. Realistic simulation results indicate improved performance of the proposed approach over similar multi-layer adaptation schemes in terms of video quality metrics.

Chaynika Taneja

Papers

Design and implementation analysis of a public key infrastructure-enabled security framework for ZigBee sensor networks

A PKI Adapted Model for Secure Information Dissemination in Industrial Control and Automation 6LoWPANs

Multivariate Data Fusion-Based Learning of Video Content and Service Distribution for Cyber Physical Social Systems

Securing intra-communication in 6LoWPAN: A PKI integrated scheme

QoE-aware Cross-Layer Adaptation for Delay-Constrained Video Transmission over Wireless Channels