A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Mul ti-hop routing and beaconing approaches are two important research challenges in high mobility vehicular networks. Routing protocols are divided into two categories of topology-based and position-based routing protocols. In this article, we perform a comparative study among the existing routing solutions, which explores the main advantages and drawbacks behind their design. After implementing the representatives of geographical and topology routing protocols, we analyze the simulation results and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these routing protocols with regard to their suitability to vehicular networks. Lastly, we discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET routing protocols.

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Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks: Survey and Research Challenges

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

VANETs QoS-based routing protocols based on multi-constrained ability to support ITS infotainment services

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this chapter, we mainly survey new routing results in VANET. The authors introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast protocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carryand-forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity.

Routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks

IOV (Internet of Vehicles) has received extensive attention recently as a part of ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). Due to various factors, such as high speed, road condition and traffic flow, the routing protocol becomes one of the important challenging problems in IOV. In this paper, we first present a mobility model at intersection and analysis it by the use of Markov method. On the basis of the mobility model, we propose a novel routing protocol in which the mobile social temporary relationship between vehicles has been considered for the urban transportation environment. Finally, the simulation results show that the packet delivery ratio and the average end-to-end delay of the proposed protocol are better than the traditional protocols.

A Novel Routing Protocol Based on Mobile Social Networks and Internet of Vehicles

Recently, the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has undergone significant advances aiming at improving safety in the transportation system. One such progress has led to the introduction of Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). This paper analyses the performance of the Nakagami radio propagation model, which is a realistic model to simulate real life scenarios. Furthermore, this paper examines how VANETs effectively reduce traffic congestion. Topologies and scenarios related to the Mauritian road topography have been developed and simulated on NS-2. The results obtained clearly shows that VANETs can successfully diminish the problem of traffic congestion and that the performance of the Nakagami model differs with the level of fading. This contrast in the performance of the Nakagami model is further highlighted when a difference of approximately 12% is observed between the throughputs for the different levels of fading.

Performance evaluation of Nakagami model for Vehicular communication networks in developing countries

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a particular category of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) characterized by a high mobility and a reduced connectivity As a prerequisite to communication, an efficient route between network nodes must be established, and it must be adapt to the rapidly changing topology of vehicles in motion This is aim of VANET routing protocols The simulation scene was set up by means of the NS2 simulation platform in this paper The performances of ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), two classical routing protocols of MANET and VANET, are simulated and analyzed, and the conclusion that the AODV protocol is more suitable for VANET than the DSR protocol is derived

Chen Feng

Papers

The study of routing strategies in vehicular ad-hoc networks