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Showing papers by "Chi-Yue Chiu published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated whether cultural differences in social judgment are mediated by differences in individuals' personal values and beliefs, and found that cultural differences were mediated by participants' perceived consensus as much as by participant's personal views.
Abstract: The authors propose that culture affects people through their perceptions of what is consensually believed. Whereas past research has examined whether cultural differences in social judgment are mediated by differences in individuals' personal values and beliefs, this article investigates whether they are mediated by differences in individuals' perceptions of the views of people around them. The authors propose that individuals who perceive that traditional views are culturally consensual (e.g., Chinese participants who believe that most of their fellows hold collectivistic values) will themselves behave and think in culturally typical ways. Four studies of previously well-established cultural differences found that cultural differences were mediated by participants' perceived consensus as much as by participants' personal views. This held true for cultural differences in the bases of compliance (Study 1), attributional foci (Study 2), and counterfactual thinking styles (Study 3). To tease apart the effect of consensus perception from other possibly associated individual differences, in Study 4, the authors experimentally manipulated which of 2 cultures was salient to bicultural participants and found that judgments were guided by participants' perception of the consensual view of the salient culture.

268 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: This article investigates whether cultural differences in social judgment are mediated by differences in individuals' perceptions of the views of people around them, and proposes that individuals who perceive that traditional views are culturally consensual will themselves behave and think in culturally typical ways.
Abstract: We propose that culture affects people through their perceptions of what is consensually believed. Whereas past research has examined whether cultural differences in social judgment are mediated by differences in individuals’ personal values and beliefs, we investigate whether they are mediated by differences in individuals’ perceptions of the views of people around them. We propose that individuals who perceive that traditional views are culturally consensual (e.g., Chinese participants who believe that most of their fellows hold collectivistic values) will themselves behave and think in culturally typical ways. Four studies of previously well-established cultural differences found that cultural differences were mediated by participants’ perceived consensus as much as by participants’ personal views. This held true for cultural differences in the bases of compliance (Study 1), attributional foci (Study 2), and counterfactual thinking styles (Study 3). To tease apart the effect of consensus perception from other possibly associated individual differences, Study 4 experimentally manipulated which of two cultures was salient to bicultural participants and found that judgments were guided by their perception of the consensual view of the salient culture.

265 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that individualism was associated with self-deceptive enhancement but not impression management, whereas collectivism was associatedWith impression management but not self- deceptive enhancement, and regulatory focus was found to mediate these relations.
Abstract: Three studies investigated the relations between cultural values and socially desirable responding, the processes that underlie them, and factors that influence the strength of the relations. Results indicated that individualism was associated with self-deceptive enhancement but not impression management, whereas collectivism was associated with impression management but not self-deceptive enhancement. Regulatory focus was found to mediate these relations. A promotion focus mediated the relation between individualism and self-deceptive enhancement, whereas a prevention focus mediated the relation between collectivism and impression management. This mediation pattern held regardless of whether individualism and collectivism were determined at the group level (Study 1) or measured at the individual level (Studies 2-3), whether socially desirable responding was operationalized as a scale measure (Studies 1-3) or as reactions to behavioral scenarios (Study 2), and across different measures of regulatory focus. This general mediation pattern was found to be moderated by type of self-consciousness (Study 3): The promotion focus mediation was stronger for participants low (vs. high) in private self-consciousness, and the prevention focus mediation was stronger for participants high (vs. low) in public self-consciousness.

190 citations


MonographDOI
25 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Theoretical Approaches. as mentioned in this paper describe a dynamic constructivist approach to culture: Moving from describing culture to explaining culture, and the role of Intersubjective Norms versus Cultural Self in cultural processes.
Abstract: Part 1. Theoretical Approaches. Y. Hong, A Dynamic Constructivist Approach to Culture: Moving from Describing Culture to Explaining Culture. D. Oyserman, N. Sorensen, Understanding Cultural Syndrome Effects on What and How We Think: A Situated Cognition Model. Y. Kashima, Culture Comparison and Culture Priming: A Critical Analysis. C. Wan, C. Chiu, An Intersubjective Consensus Approach to Culture: The Role of Intersubjective Norms versus Cultural Self in Cultural Processes. A.B. Markman, L.R. Grimm, K. Kim, Culture as a Vehicle for Studying Individual Differences. Part 2. Dimensions of National Cultures and Their Measurement. M.H. Bond, K. Leung, Cultural Mapping of Beliefs about the World and their Application to a Social Psychology Involving Culture: Futurescaping. S.H. Schwartz, Culture Matters: National Value Cultures, Sources and Consequences. P.B. Smith, On Finding Improved Ways of Characterizing National Cultures. A.S. Tsui, S.S. Nifadkar, A.Y. Ou, Nagging Problems and Modest Solutions in Cross-Cultural Research: Illustrations from Organizational Behavior Literature. Part 3. Ecological and Economic Foundations of Culture. H.C. Triandis, Ecological Determinants of Cultural Variation. N.T. Tavassoli, Climate, Psychological Homeostasis and Individual Behaviors Across Cultures. S. Oishi, J. Kisling, The Mutual Constitution of Residential Mobility and Individualism. W. Tov, E. Diener, W. Ng, P. Kesebir, J. Harter, The Social and Economic Context of Peace and Happiness. Part 4. Psychological Manifestations of Culture: Cognition, Perception and Emotion. G.R. Semin, Language, Culture, Cognition - How Do They Intersect?. D. Matsumoto, Culture and Emotional Expression. E.J. Wang, N.R. Toosi, N. Ambady, Cultural Dialects: Nonverbal Behavior and Person Perception. A.Y. Lee, G.R. Semin, Culture through the Lens of Self-Regulatory Orientations. D.A. Briley, Cultural Differences and Similarities in Time Orientation. Part 5. Bicultural and Intercultural Processes. S.H. Ng, S. Han, The Bicultural Self and the Bicultural Brain. R. Friedman, W. Liu, Biculturalism in Management: Leveraging the Benefits of Intrapersonal Diversity. C. Sedikides, T. Wildschut, C. Routledge, J. Arndt, X. Zhou, Buffering Acculturative Stress and Facilitating Cultural Adaptation: Nostalgia as a Psychological Resource. R.W. Brisli, Theory, Critical Incidents, and the Preparation of People for Intercultural Experiences. R.P. Bagozzi, W. Verbeke, F. Belschak, Self-Conscious Emotions as Emotional Systems: The Role of Culture in Shame and Pride Systems. K. Leung, F.P. Brew, A Cultural Analysis of Harmony and Conflict: Towards an Integrated Model of Conflict Styles. Part 6. Integration and Reflection. R.S. Wyer, Jr., Culture and Information Processing: A Conceptual Integration. C. Chiu, M.M. Chao, Society, Culture, and the Person: Personalization and Socialization of Cultural Psychology. Part 7. A Dialogue: Problems and Solutions.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Support is found for the hypothesis that differences in subjective well-being between Europeans and European Americans may be due to the psychological meanings Eastern and Western cultures attach to positive and negative affect.
Abstract: East Asians and Asian Americans report lower levels of subjective well-being than Europeans and European Americans. Three studies found support for the hypothesis that such differences may be due to the psychological meanings Eastern and Western cultures attach to positive and negative affect. Study 1 demonstrated that the desire to repeat a recent vacation was significantly predicted by recalled positive affect-but not recalled negative affect-for European Americans, whereas Asian Americans considered both positive and negative affect. Study 2 replicated this effect in judging satisfaction with a personal friendship. Study 3 linked changes in European Americans' life satisfaction to everyday positive events caused by the self (vs. others) and changes in Japanese life satisfaction to everyday negative events caused by others (vs. the self). Positive affect appears particularly meaningful for European Americans and negative affect for Asian Americans and Japanese when judging a satisfying vacation, friendship, or life.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors found that viewing images from Chinese and U.S. cultures simultaneously evokes a culture mind-set and individuals tend to enlarge the perceived incompatibility between Chinese and American cultures and expect members of the in-group culture to possess culture-typical psychological attributes.
Abstract: The present research tests the hypothesis that the copresence of images from two seemingly distinctive cultures (Chinese and American) in the same space increases individuals' sensitivity to the psychological characteristics of the in-group culture and the tendency to use culture as a schema to organize perceptions. The authors contend that viewing images from Chinese and U.S. cultures simultaneously evokes a culture mind-set. As a consequence, individuals (from both China and the United States) tend to enlarge the perceived incompatibility between Chinese and U.S. cultures and expect members of the in-group culture to possess culture-typical psychological attributes. In two experiments, one conducted in Beijing, China, and one in the United States, supportive evidence is found for this contention.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although both Americans and some Asian groups consider having successful practitioners' personality traits to be important to job performance, the Asian groups place heavier emphasis on possessing role personalities when making performance forecast than do Americans.
Abstract: Results from 5 studies illustrate how perception of and experiences with low job mobility can shape culture-characteristic pattern of judgments and behaviors. Although both Americans and some Asian groups (e.g., Chinese, Asian Americans) consider having successful practitioners' personality traits (role personalities) to be important to job performance, the Asian groups place heavier emphasis on possessing role personalities when making performance forecast than do Americans (Studies 1-3). Moreover, even among Americans, a brief subjective experience with low job mobility can increase the perceived importance of possessing role personalities in performance forecast (Study 4), and a brief direct experience with low job mobility can increase job applicants' tendency to claim possession of role personality traits in job applications (Study 5). Furthermore, the belief in a fixed world mediates the relationship between perception of low job mobility and perceived importance of possessing role personalities in performance forecast (Study 2).

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The response to the article, including Rich's reply, supports the view that the interest in multicultural experience and creativity is far from exhausted; future research will certainly uncover important new insights.
Abstract: Responds to G. J. Rich's comments on the current author's original article which presented evidence supporting the idea that multicultural experience can facilitate creativity. Rich has argued that our review, although timely and important, was somewhat limited in scope, focusing mostly on smaller forms of creativity ("little c": e.g., paper-and-pencil measures of creativity) as well as on larger forms of multicultural experience ("Big M": e.g., living in a foreign country). We agree with many aspects of Rich's assessment. The issue of whether different forms of multicultural experience can affect Big C creativity is of interest to both scholars and laypeople because creative breakthroughs can literally alter the course of human progress. The response to our article, including Rich's reply, supports our view that the interest in multicultural experience and creativity is far from exhausted; future research will certainly uncover important new insights.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that those with lower literacy levels believed more strongly in negotiable fate, the belief that although one lacks direct control over one's fate, one can negotiate control with it.
Abstract: Few studies have examined how cultural models of agency and literacy are related to thinking styles. The present study fills this gap by examining these links among 180 low-income women with low to moderate levels of literacy. Among these women, those with lower literacy levels believed more strongly in negotiable fate—the belief that although one lacks direct control over one’s fate, one can negotiate control with it. More importantly, among the low-literate participants, the belief in negotiable fate was linked to a greater tendency to exhibit decontextualized judgment and rule-based categorization. This result suggests that thinking style may grow out of an adaptive process whereby people with limited resources negotiate control with the harsh environment they face. This result also highlights the theoretical contribution of a sociocultural perspective to thinking style.

37 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that concern for performance was positively associated with and mediated cultural variations in pre-emptive effort downplaying, while Asian Americans and European Americans showed PED more frequently than European Americans.
Abstract: Pre-emptive effort downplaying (PED) occurs when people publicly downplay their effort expenditure on test preparation prior to taking a test for the sake of managing the social evaluation of the self in the face of a challenging performance task. Thirty Asian Americans and 29 European Americans had two opportunities to publicly report their effort expenditure on a practice exercise. They also completed measures of self-evaluations and concern for performance before working on the practice exercise, and the self-evaluation measure again at the completion of the actual test. Only European Americans showed PED. Additionally, concern for performance was positively associated with and mediated cultural variations in PED. The implications of these results are discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that individuals from Easterner societies define their collective identity in form of a depersonalized social category (group collectivism) while Westerners rely on a network of interpersonal relationships (relational collectivism).
Abstract: There has been ample criticism of the individualism – collectivism distinction in both consumer and cross-cultural psychology. Recent research (Brewer & Chen, 2007) for instance has argued that there is a conceptual confusion about the meaning of ingroups that constitute the target of collectivism. Whereas all societies must meet primary needs for both individual and social identity, it is argued that individuals from Easterner societies define their collective identity in form of a depersonalized social category (group collectivism) while Westerners rely on a network of interpersonal relationships (relational collectivism). We tested this new framework in a consumer context. In two experimental studies we provide empirical evidence that Easterners make consumption choices that satisfy belongingness through relational collectivism whereas Westerners prefer aspects of group collectivism.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors posit that cross-cultural differences in socially desirable responses may reflect how people in different social conditions and their attendant cultural expectations develop different ways of expressing their self to support their personal strivings.
Abstract: When dealing with cross-cultural differences in socially desirable responding, researchers often employ experimental and statistical control to isolate and eliminate the impact of socially desirable responding in the data. In this article, we offer a different approach to understanding socially desirable responding in cross-cultural research. In a review of the pertinent research literature, we posit that cross-cultural differences in socially desirable responses may reflect how people in different social conditions and their attendant cultural expectations develop different ways of expressing their self to support their personal strivings. This active negotiation between the society, culture and personal strivings is a defining issue in culture and psychology research. Artificially excluding the variance symptomatic of this process with experimental and statistical controls from cross-cultural data will generate results with little cultural significance. Therefore, we recommend against treating socially desirable responding as noise in cross-cultural research. Instead, we encourage cross-cultural researchers to seriously consider the social and cultural meanings of socially desirable responding, and use this phenomenon as a window to grasp the reciprocal influence of society, culture, and individual psychology.