The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class.

The tourist: a new theory of the leisure class

While the role of customer-to-customer (C2C) interaction in shaping service experience has been recognized in the services marketing literature, empirical examination of this issue is limited Similarly, investigation of tourists’ social contacts has mainly focused on the tourist—local community and tourist—service personnel dyads, while much less is known about tourist-to-tourist interactions To fill this knowledge gap, this study has examined interaction between tourists on cruise vacations and its impact on the cruise experience and vacation satisfaction An online survey is conducted with an American online panel (n = 613) The findings reveal that the quality of C2C interaction has positive direct impacts on the cruise experience as well as indirect effects on vacation satisfaction, mediated by cruise experience Moreover, the quality of C2C interaction has suppressor effects on the quantity of C2C interaction The results call for the incorporation of C2C interaction as one component of the relatio

http://www.egyptarch.net/hishamgabr/lectures/2010%2049%201%2079%20satisfaction.pdf

The Impact of Customer-to-Customer Interaction on Cruise Experience and Vacation Satisfaction

New tourism trends, such as vacation rentals websites and low-cost tourism, have generated a new environment of interactions between tourism and the citizens. To this, we must add the fortuitous increase in demand in some touristic destinations. This has derived in situations of rejection in traditionally tourism-dependent environments. In this study, which is focused on the city of Barcelona, we use work-field data to analyze the elements that lie behind the popular aversion to tourism. Assuming a non-forced analysis that takes the Social Exchange Theory as a framework, we have determined that the negative economic effects derived from the increase in the number of accommodations destined for vacation rentals and in the demand lie behind this rejection. The main impacts that are perceived directly from these factors are: the increase in residential rentals prices and a shift from a traditional market to one oriented to the tourist with higher prices. It has also been determined that the most vulnerable population groups are those who manifest a stronger rejection, tenants of apartments in city centers, and citizens with a low/medium income, who perceive rises in the prices and a change in the market focus to a larger extent.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2851/pdf

An Analysis of the Factors behind the Citizen’s Attitude of Rejection towards Tourism in a Context of Overtourism and Economic Dependence on This Activity

Tourist Crowding Perception and Acceptability in Cities: An Applied Modelling Study on Bruges

This study examines tourists' attitudes towards tourist-tourist encounters. The appearance and the number of observed tourists as well as the place of residence of the observing tourists were studied. The variables of tourist appearance and the number of people at the site were manipulated electronically in a set of rainforest photographic images. The data were collected through an on-site self-administered questionnaire. The results from 409 respondents suggested that there were different encounter preferences between Japanese and Western observers with respect to both appearance and the number of people encountered. Japanese have a preference for mixing with Westerners, at least in the rainforest setting studied. Westerners do not have marked appearance-related preferences. For the number of people in the setting, Westerners are inclined to favour few or no people while Japanese prefer some people and are tolerant of larger numbers. These findings, which contradict much of the existing North American recreation based work on people in contact, were examined from a number of theoretical perspectives, including in-group and out-group analyses, and dynamic encounter norms. Some potential management implications were outlined.

The Influence of Appearance and the Number of People Viewed on Tourists’ Preferences for Seeing Other Tourists

The study, based on the content analysis of 120 samples of
online travelogues written by Japanese and Americans,
investigates how tourist-tourist encounters are reported. Eight hundred and thirty eight episodes were extracted from
the sample travelogues and coded according to the types of
encounter (absence, direct presence or indirect presence of
others), attitude of the writer (positive, negative or neutral) and also the types of tourist(s) encountered (same or different nationality). Overall results show that Japanese and Americans see other tourists differently. For example, when Japanese describe other tourists, they tend to make clear distinctions between Japanese and non-Japanese and to have more direct contacts with
Japanese tourists than with tourists from other countries.
Americans, on the other hand, seem quite the opposite: they are willing to make personal contact with non-American
tourists. Some of the factors that lead to these differences
are discussed and include differences in cultural characteristics and home environment.

How tourists see other tourists: analysis of online travelogues.

European castles are important and common components in the tour itineraries of Japanese tourists. There is, however, limited understanding of the way Japanese tourists view these heritage sites. The first aim of the study is to document the Japanese tourists' views. Secondly, the researchers seek to explain the Japanese perspectives, while the third aim attempts to draw out the implications of the findings for our conceptual understanding of key, largely western-derived, perspectives on authenticity. Three representative European castles were selected as case study sites. Japanese remarks on TripAdvisor were collected as rich sources of data. The text-mining software Leximancer was used to analyse the broad themes. Manual content analysis was then employed for identifying the unique Japanese views. The interpretation of the Japanese perspectives was built on an understanding of the cultural capital they bring to the site - especially the legacy of anime (the Japanese entertainment format), natsukashii (nostalgia), meisho (famous places), mujou (the beauty of the transitory), and "power spots". The study identified the value of internationalising the concepts of authenticity. Practical implications for marketing European castles to the Japanese are noted.

European castles through Japanese eyes and minds

The focus of this thesis is the combination of two lightly examined areas, tourist-tourist encounters and nationality differences in tourist behaviour. The overall aim is to examine how tourists see other tourists and identify the differences in encounter preferences among tourist subgroups and further to analyse the factors influencing those differences.
This thesis began with the investigation of elements related to tourist-tourist encounters through an examination of the relevant existing literature in Chapter 1. The focus was first placed on the studies of cultural contact and nationality differences. Concepts such as individualistic and collectivistic cultures, and ingroup
and out-group evaluation were emphasized as well as the process of personto-person contact. A review of studies on visitor encounter reactions was also undertaken and key theories and concepts were outlined. This review suggested
that both internal and external factors might influence people’s encounter reaction.
A number of questions were raised concerning whether concepts in cultural contact and the findings of visitor encounter research in leisure studies could be applied to
the tourism settings.
Chapter 2 was also devoted to literature review, but the focus was shifted to the methodological issues. Studies of encounter reactions in leisure studies and
then tourism research in general were reviewed. The framing of questions and a visual approach to measuring the encounter reaction were considered in detail.
Also, the value of employing a multi-method approach in tourism studies was emphasized. At the end of the Chapter 2, the objectives and structure of the thesis,
which were developed from the literature review, were stated. In an attempt to achieve the thesis objectives, several studies were carried out.
Chapter 3 presented a study of tourist-tourist encounters as described in online travelogues by Japanese and Americans. The focus of this study was on two
topics: tourist-tourist encounters and nationality differences in tourist behaviour.
Analysis of 838 encounter episodes found that there were distinct differences in encounter reaction between these two nationalities. The study also identified the
common themes of the encounter experience episodes and summarised typical models of responding to other tourists in the descriptive travelogues.
Chapter 4 presented a study conducted online to investigate the stereotypical ideas of Japanese and American tourists. Based on a 162-person sample, the
study compared the auto and hetero image of Japanese and Americans as tourist and the preferences for seeing them. Major study findings revealed that there were
differences between the own nationality image (auto image) and the image reported by other nationalities (hetero image): Japanese tended to perceive Japanese tourists
rather more negatively than non-Japanese and American tended to perceive American tourists rather more positively than non-Americans.
Chapter 5 was devoted to an initial study using photographic simulation to examine encounter preferences. Seventy-nine Japanese participants responded to
this web-based survey. It was found that the Japanese prefer at least a small number (and not total absence) of people and also prefer to see Caucasian-looking
people at both reef and rainforest settings. This study also served as the basis for developing and conducting the larger scale study presented in Chapter 6.
Chapter 6 contained the results of two studies – research using an on-site questionnaire employing the visual simulation approach with 409 participants, the
results of which were further analysed in a follow-up study using focus groups. The results of these studies provided some valuable insights into the tourist-tourist
encounter phenomenon. Importantly, it was found that Japanese and Westerners have different patterns of encounter preferences depending on the number and
appearance of the other tourists: Japanese tended to prefer small or larger number of people, while Westerners were likely to prefer absence of other people; Japanese
showed strong preference in seeing Caucasian-looking people rather than Asian-looking people whereas Westerners did not indicate any particular preferences
regarding people’s appearance. The results contradicted the existing research in sociology and leisure studies, and can be explained by a combination of tourist
psychology, and differences in culture and home environment of the observing tourists.
Some insights obtained in this thesis include understanding the variation of how tourists view other tourists, and the pattern of tourist-tourist encounter preferences.
The approach to the subject matter, using photographic images as visual simulations, proved a workable methodological style for this kind of work. Further investigation of tourist-tourist relationship, particularly interrelationships involving interactions were
suggested, but some of the immediate value of the present work lies in endorsing the acceptability and visitor preferences for the mixing of international tourists in tourist settings.
A version of the quantitative analysis part of the study reported in Chapter 3 of this thesis has been published in the Journal of Tourism Studies (2001; volume 12(2):
22-31). Theme-based analysis of encounter episodes reported in Chapter 3 was published in the proceedings of the 2001 Annual Conference for the Japanese
Institute of Tourism Research. Also, highlights of the results presented in Section 6.2 were published in the proceedings of the First Asian Pacific Forum for Graduate
Students Research in Tourism, held in Macao in 2002.

Tourist encounters with other tourists

This chapter explores the modern phenomenon of Japanese tourists visiting anime-related places abroad. While similarities to film-induced tourism exist, anime-linked locations require tourists to use their imagination and permit a special interplay among the sites, fantasy, and cultural values. To examine the phenomenon, samples of popular anime titles were selected and Japanese online word-of-mouth records were collected as a set of data. Key Japanese cultural concepts were used to explain the significance of the anime-linked locations. Site managers can embellish the experience by subtly suggesting parallels in the real world to the idealized creations of leading anime artists.

Chiemi Yagi

Papers

The Influence of Appearance and the Number of People Viewed on Tourists’ Preferences for Seeing Other Tourists

How tourists see other tourists: analysis of online travelogues.

European castles through Japanese eyes and minds

Tourist encounters with other tourists

Imagination, Anime and Japanese Tourists Abroad