Author
Chris Hale
Bio: Chris Hale is an academic researcher from University of Kent. The author has contributed to research in topics: Unemployment & Justice (ethics). The author has an hindex of 15, co-authored 35 publications receiving 1292 citations.
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors construct a model for explaining "fear" of crime by using the relevant literature to identify possible factors and making out a prima facie case for each by examining data from the second British Crime Survey.
Abstract: The authors construct a model for explaining "fear" of crime by using the relevant literature to identify possible factors and making out a prima facie case for each by examining data from the second British Crime Survey. Using logit analysis this model is tested on data derived from the same survey. The authors show that such factors as gender, age, race, neighbourhood cohesion, confidence in the police, levels of local incivility, experience of victimisation, perception of risk and assessment of offence seriousness all combine toform a theoretical account of "fear" which has strong empirical support. On the basis of these findings, they conclude by making some suggestions for policies to reduce this "fear".
411 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodological critique of the work of Cantor and Land (1985) on the unemployment crime rate relationship and introduce the ideas of integration and cointegration to show that the models employed by them are misspecified.
Abstract: The work of Cantor and Land (1985) on the unemployment crime rate relationship is subjected to a methodological critique. The ideas of integration and cointegration are introduced to show that the models employed by Cantor and Land are misspecified. The arguments are illustrated using annual data from England and Wales.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of economic marginalization or less chivalrous treatment by the public, police, or courts toward female suspects on female criminal behavior were investigated. But they did not test simultaneously for the effects on female conviction rates.
Abstract: The alleged criminogenic nature of female liberation/emancipation has been tested recently by numerous North American researchers. Not only did the results lead them to different conclusions, but they did not test simultaneously for the effects on female conviction rates of increasing economic marginalization or less chivalrous treatment by the public, police, or courts toward female suspects. Data relating to England and Wales for 1951-1980 are used to test these competing explanations for changes in female criminality. The results give little support to the emancipation/liberation causes female crime hypothesis, but do provide limited support for the marginalization thesis. However, changes in social labelling appear to have a significant impact on female conviction rates, suggesting that previous researches omitting this possibility were seriously deficient. The authors suggest further research on actual women's lives and behavioral responses as a means of testing the effects of liberation/emancipation and marginalization on female criminal behavior.
111 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a 15-month study of the effectiveness of restorative justice schemes conducted between July 1999 and November 2000, where the principal fieldwork was undertaken between December 1999 and June 2000 in seven restorative Justice schemes across England, two of them dealing principally with adult offenders and the other five with juveniles.
Abstract: This report presents the results of a 15-month study of the effectiveness of restorative justice schemes conducted between July 1999 and November 2000. The principal fieldwork was undertaken between December 1999 and June 2000 in seven restorative justice schemes across England, two of them dealing principally with adult offenders and the other five with juveniles. The research was commissioned under the Crime Reduction Programme (CRP), a major government-funded initiative aimed at discovering ‘what works’ in reducing crime and reoffending. The CRP is also concerned to ensure that reductions are delivered efficiently, so a further focus of attention was upon cost-effectiveness in the achievement of the outputs, impacts and outcomes of the schemes examined. The aims of the research were: to identify which elements, or which combination of elements, in restorative justice schemes are most effective in reducing crime and at what cost; to provide recommendations on the content of, and best practice for, schemes to be mainstreamed.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors re-examined the relationship between property crime and the economy and found that personal consumption alone has a long-run equilibrium relationship with, property crime.
Abstract: The relationships between property crime and the economy are re-examined. The work of Field (1990) and Pyle and Deadman (1994) are reviewed. Whilst both analyses have made substantial contributions to emphasizing the importance of economic factors in determining crime it is argued both have weaknesses. Field ignores the importance of long-run equilibrium relationships whilst errors in the interpretation of Pyle and Deadman lead them to conclude that personal consumption, unemployment and Gross Domestic Product may be used interchangeably. Results are presented which show that personal consumption alone has a long-run equilibrium relationship with, property crime. Personal consumption also features in the short-run dynamic models of crime. The long-run effect is interpreted in terms of increased opportunity or availability of targets whilst the short-run result corresponds to a motivational effect. Whilst unemployment has no role in explaining long-run trends in crime it is a factor in explaining short-run fluctuations.
74 citations
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TL;DR: A ordered sequence of events or observations having a time component is called as a time series, and some good examples are daily opening and closing stock prices, daily humidity, temperature, pressure, annual gross domestic product of a country and so on.
Abstract: Preface1Difference Equations12Lag Operators253Stationary ARMA Processes434Forecasting725Maximum Likelihood Estimation1176Spectral Analysis1527Asymptotic Distribution Theory1808Linear Regression Models2009Linear Systems of Simultaneous Equations23310Covariance-Stationary Vector Processes25711Vector Autoregressions29112Bayesian Analysis35113The Kalman Filter37214Generalized Method of Moments40915Models of Nonstationary Time Series43516Processes with Deterministic Time Trends45417Univariate Processes with Unit Roots47518Unit Roots in Multivariate Time Series54419Cointegration57120Full-Information Maximum Likelihood Analysis of Cointegrated Systems63021Time Series Models of Heteroskedasticity65722Modeling Time Series with Changes in Regime677A Mathematical Review704B Statistical Tables751C Answers to Selected Exercises769D Greek Letters and Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text786Author Index789Subject Index792
10,011 citations
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TL;DR: A theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification.
Abstract: Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.
4,284 citations
01 Jul 1998
1,364 citations
TL;DR: The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades as discussed by the authors, and the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date are discussed and alternative approaches suggested.
Abstract: The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades. This paper examines the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date. The inadequacies of measures of fear of crime are discussed and alternative approaches suggested. Alternative explanatory theories are compared and strategies for reducing fear reviewed.
1,258 citations
01 Jul 1998
TL;DR: In 1996, a Federal law required the U.S. Attorney General to provide Congress with an independent review of the Many crime prevention programs work. Others don’t.
Abstract: In 1996, a Federal law required the U.S. Attorney General to provide Congress with an independent review of the Many crime prevention programs work. Others don’t. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions. Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn’t, and what’s promising. Those lists will grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for their results. Issues and Findings
1,047 citations