There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

From the Publisher:
A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper.

Handbook of Applied Cryptography

Resolving the molecular details of proteome variation in the different tissues and organs of the human body will greatly increase our knowledge of human biology and disease. Here, we present a map of the human tissue proteome based on an integrated omics approach that involves quantitative transcriptomics at the tissue and organ level, combined with tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry, to achieve spatial localization of proteins down to the single-cell level. Our tissue-based analysis detected more than 90% of the putative protein-coding genes. We used this approach to explore the human secretome, the membrane proteome, the druggable proteome, the cancer proteome, and the metabolic functions in 32 different tissues and organs. All the data are integrated in an interactive Web-based database that allows exploration of individual proteins, as well as navigation of global expression patterns, in all major tissues and organs in the human body.

Tissue-based map of the human proteome

Cryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable computing environments. Unfortunately, actual computers and microchips leak information about the operations they process. This paper examines specific methods for analyzing power consumption measurements to find secret keys from tamper resistant devices. We also discuss approaches for building cryptosystems that can operate securely in existing hardware that leaks information.

/pdf/differential-power-analysis-4t7fjmuc7b.pdf

Differential Power Analysis

This paper assesses the possible use of constraints to control the dissemination and use of location information (LI) within a location based service architecture. The various types of constraint which may by required are also considered. Finally, issues and risks with the possible use of constraints are discussed, as are possible solutions to these hazards.

/pdf/using-constraints-to-protect-personal-location-information-1ury0ciq7z.pdf

Using constraints to protect personal location information

The first part of this paper is devoted to explaining what key escrow is and why it exists, and attempts to put it into a historical context. The subsequent focus is primarily on key escrow schemes which will work in an international environment. The possibility of using conventional key distribution techniques to provide key escrow services in an international context is first considered, and the associated problems are explored. The 'Royal Holloway' (RH) key escrow scheme is then described in a way which is intended to clarify and motivate its design, and the properties of this scheme and some related schemes are considered.

On Solutions to the Key Escrow Problem

This paper considers password generators, i.e. systems designed to generate site-specific passwords on demand. Such systems are an alternative to password managers. Over the last 15 years a range of password generator systems have been described. This paper proposes the first general model for such systems, and critically examines options for instantiating this model; options considered include all those previously proposed as part of existing schemes as well as certain novel possibilities. The model enables a more objective and high-level assessment of the design of such systems; it has also been used to sketch a possible new scheme, AutoPass, intended to incorporate the best features of the prior art whilst also addressing many of the most serious shortcomings of existing systems through the inclusion of novel features.

Password Generators: Old Ideas and New

A number of key distribution protocols using multiple authentication servers, where a minority of them may be untrustworthy, have recently been proposed. This paper analyses the problem of key distribution using minimally trusted multiple servers, and presents a new protocol. In this protocol, as long as all servers do not collude to defraud the clients, either a session key (not known to any server) is successfully established, or the protocol fails in such a way that the clients are aware that it has failed, i.e. the protocol works in a situation where the servers are 'minimally trusted'.

Chris J. Mitchell

Papers

Using constraints to protect personal location information

On Solutions to the Key Escrow Problem

Password Generators: Old Ideas and New

Authentication using minimally trusted servers

Limits to anonymity when using credentials