There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar,Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy,Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, IsraelReceived March 2, 2004

Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

Twelve new quaternary ammonium sophorolipids with long alkyl chains on the nitrogen atom were synthesized starting from oleic and petroselinic acid-based sophorolipids. These novel derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their transfection efficacies on three different eukaryotic cell lines in vitro as good activities were demonstrated for previously synthesized derivatives. Self-assembly properties were also evaluated. All compounds proved to possess antimicrobial and transfection properties, and trends could be observed based on the length of the nitrogen substituent and the total length of the sophorolipid tail. Moreover, all long-chain quaternary ammonium sophorolipids form micelles, which proved to be a prerequisite to induce antimicrobial activity and transfection capacity. These results are promising for future healthcare applications of long-chained quaternary ammonium sophorolipids.

/pdf/lipid-based-quaternary-ammonium-sophorolipid-amphiphiles-2rdj4sq06f.pdf

Lipid-Based Quaternary Ammonium Sophorolipid Amphiphiles with Antimicrobial and Transfection Activities.

Ring transformations of aziridinyl 2-phosphonates: synthesis of 5-phosphono-2-oxazolidinones and 5-phosphono-2-imidazolidinones

This invention relates generally a method of thermal energy storage or heat pump using reversible chemical reactions. Within a reversible cycle, inorganic oxoacid compounds and/or their salts,oxoacids of either nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus, or its corresponding salt, are hydrolysed and condensed or polymerized in order to release and capture heat. It is accordingly a first aspect of the present invention to provide the use of inorganic esters in a method of thermal energy storage, in particular using inorganic phosphoric acids and/or their salts. The invention further provides a method to store thermal energy, said method comprising polymerization of the inorganic oxoacids using an external heat source. In a further aspect the invention provides a method to release thermal energy from said heat storage comprising an exothermic hydrolysation step of the inorganic oxoacids and/or its salt. If no cooling takes place between polymerization and the hydrolyzing step, one can create a heat pump. Such a heat pump might be extremely useful to upgrade waste heat from industry to a higher more valuable level. Using the methods and components of the present invention it is possible to store thermal energy at ambient circumstances in a transportable medium. As a consequence it allows converting a continuous heat generation process into a discontinuous and even dislocated consumption.

Methods and components for thermal energy storage

2-Alkyl- and 2-phenylazetidines are synthesized by treatment of N-(3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropylidene)amines with alkyllithium and phenyllithium reagents, respectively. Addition of the organometallic reagent across the imino bond of the β-chloroimine is followed by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution yielding 2-substituted azetidines

Synthesis of 2-alkyl- and 2-arylazetidines from β-chloroimines

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8519713/file/8519727.pdf

Christian V. Stevens

Papers

Lipid-Based Quaternary Ammonium Sophorolipid Amphiphiles with Antimicrobial and Transfection Activities.

Ring transformations of aziridinyl 2-phosphonates: synthesis of 5-phosphono-2-oxazolidinones and 5-phosphono-2-imidazolidinones

Methods and components for thermal energy storage

Synthesis of 2-alkyl- and 2-arylazetidines from β-chloroimines

Insights into the myosin II inhibitory potency of A-ring-modified (S)-blebbistatin analogs