There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar,Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy,Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, IsraelReceived March 2, 2004

Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

Over the past few years, isoindoles have found wide application in materials science. Isoindole containing BODIPY dyes are highly fluorescent materials and have been extensively used in various fields of science. Phthalocyanines, metal containing cyclic tetramers of isoindole, form coordination complexes with most elements of the periodic table. These complexes are intensely coloured and are used as pigments and dyes. However, isoindoles are relatively unstable 10π-heteroaromatic systems and few synthetic methods provide these compounds in good yields. This tutorial review will give an overview of the reported synthetic methods towards isoindoles and related heteroaromatic systems over a time span of approximately 10 years (2000 to current), including the applications where they have been reported. The importance of the field will be illustrated and factors influencing product stability will be discussed.

Synthesis of isoindoles and related iso-condensed heteroaromatic pyrroles

List of Contributors.List of Abbreviations.Foreword.Preface.Chapter 1. Green Chemistry and Sustainability (Jeffrey Hardy).Chapter 2. Socio-Economical Aspects and Policy of Renewable Resources (Liisa Tahvanainen and Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 3. Integral Valorization (Werner Praznik and Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 4. Primary Production of Raw Materials (Waldemar Rymowicz).Chapter 5. Energy from Renewable Resources (Bio-Energy) (Mehrdad Rymowicz).Chapter 6. Identification and Quantification of Renewable Crop Materials (Anton Huber and Werner Praznik).Chapter 7. Industrial Products from Carbohydrates, Wood and Fibres (Christian V. Stevens).Chapter 8. Occurrence, Functions and Biosynthesis of Non-Carbohydrate Biopolymers (Christian O. Bramer and Alexander Steinbuchel).Chapter 9. Industrial Products from Lipids and Proteins (Roland Verhe).Chapter 10. High Value Added Industries (Jan Demyttenaere and Jozef Poppe).Chapter 11. Renewable Resources: Back to the Future (Christian V. Stevens.Index.

Renewable bioresources : scope and modification for non-food applications

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8576955/file/8576973.pdf

Pickering stabilization of thymol through green emulsification using soluble fraction of almond gum – Whey protein isolate nano-complexes

Production of biobased HMF derivatives by reductive amination

A series of O-(acyl) chitosan (OAC) derivatives with a degree of substitution (DS) between 002 and 028 were synthesized by reaction of alkanoic acid derivatives with chitosan in the presence of H2SO4 as a catalyst The reaction was performed at 80 °C for 4 h with different mol ratios of alkanoic acids to chitosan The synthesized compounds were analyzed by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy A high DS was obtained with O-(butyroyl) chitosan (DS 028) at a mol ratio of (1:5) chitosan to butyric acid Their fungicidal activity against the grey mould Botrytis cinerea (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast pathogen Pyricularia grisea (Teleomorph: Magnaportha grisea) has been evaluated O-(decanoyl) chitosan at mol ratio of 1:2 (chitosan to decanoic acid) was the most active compound against B cinerea (EC50=102 gl-1) and O-(hexanoyl) chitosan displayed the highest activity against P grisea (EC50=111 gl-1) It has been mentioned that some derivatives also repressed spore formation at rather high concentrations (10, 20 and 50 gl-1) The insecticidal activity has been screened at 5 gkg-1 artificial diet against the larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) The results revealed that all of the synthesized derivatives showed high inhibition of growth of the larvae of S littoralis compared to chitosan (7% growth inhibition) and the most active one was O-(decanoyl) chitosan (64% growth inhibition) after 5 days of feeding on treated artificial diet

Christian V. Stevens

Papers

Synthesis of isoindoles and related iso-condensed heteroaromatic pyrroles

Renewable bioresources : scope and modification for non-food applications

Pickering stabilization of thymol through green emulsification using soluble fraction of almond gum – Whey protein isolate nano-complexes

Production of biobased HMF derivatives by reductive amination

Fungicidal and Insecticidal Activity of O-Acyl Chitosan Derivatives