There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Sustainable economic and industrial growth requires safe, sustainable resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of a sustainable economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production, and economy are necessary. The ‘first-generation’ biofuels appear unsustainable because of the potential stress that their production places on food commodities. For organic chemicals and materials these needs to follow a biorefinery model under environmentally sustainable conditions. Where these operate at present, their product range is largely limited to simple materials (i.e. cellulose, ethanol, and biofuels). Second generation biorefineries need to build on the need for sustainable chemical products through modern and proven green chemical technologies such as bioprocessing including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes in order to make more complex molecules and materials on which a future sustainable society will be based. This review focus on cost effective technologies and the processes to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bioproducts, with particular focus on some biorefinery concepts based on different feedstocks aiming at the integral utilization of these feedstocks for the production of value added chemicals.

http://staff.cimap.res.in/PublicationFiles/Renew_Sustain_Energ_Rev_14_578.pdf

Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review

Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar,Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy,Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, IsraelReceived March 2, 2004

Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

Electron-deficient 1- and 2-azabuta-1,3-dienes are reagents intrinsically able to provide a wide range of cyclic and acyclic N-containing building blocks. Depending on their substitution, they behave as dienes for Diels–Alder reactions, as partners for [4+1], [3+2], [2+2]-cycloadditions, for aziridinations and as electrophiles for 1,2 and 1,4-additions. Nowadays, they are a very versatile family of compounds, despite their usual instability and complex reactivity. Four decades of research in this challenging area are reviewed in this critical review: their synthetic aspects and their reactivity towards a wide range of dienophiles, dipoles and nucleophiles are described as well. The introduction focuses on their electronic properties in order to get a clear picture of their reactivity (190 references).

Electron‐Deficient 1‐ and 2‐Azabuta‐1,3‐dienes: A Comprehensive Survey of Their Synthesis and Reactivity

When o-ethynylbenzyl α-aminophosphonates are heated under microwave conditions, a rearrangement occurs which results in the formation of phosphonylated isoindoles. The rearrangement consists of a 5-exo-dig cyclization followed by a [1,3]-alkyl shift and finally aromatization.

/pdf/metal-free-entry-to-phosphonylated-isoindoles-by-a-cascade-4v42ofgxbg.pdf

Metal-Free Entry to Phosphonylated Isoindoles by a Cascade of 5-exo-dig Cyclization, a [1,3]-Alkyl Shift, and Aromatization under Microwave Heating.

Triethylamine‐Mediated Transformation of Phosphonates into Phosphonamidates

Valorisation of by-products for the production of biofuels

A series of benzo-fused tricyclic β-lactams, most of them phosphonobenzocarbacephems, were prepared in a straightforward way starting from phosphonoazadienes. In this paper, the synthetic route including a Staudinger reaction towards the β-lactams, followed by radical ring closing with tributyltin hydride and AIBN, which resulted in the envisaged tricyclic compounds, is reported.

Christian V. Stevens

Papers

Electron‐Deficient 1‐ and 2‐Azabuta‐1,3‐dienes: A Comprehensive Survey of Their Synthesis and Reactivity

Metal-Free Entry to Phosphonylated Isoindoles by a Cascade of 5-exo-dig Cyclization, a [1,3]-Alkyl Shift, and Aromatization under Microwave Heating.

Triethylamine‐Mediated Transformation of Phosphonates into Phosphonamidates

Valorisation of by-products for the production of biofuels

Synthesis of Phosphonobenzocarbacephems by Intramolecular Radical Cyclization of Haloaryl‐Substituted β‐Lactams.