Christian Vater

Bio: Christian Vater is an academic researcher from University of Bern. The author has contributed to research in topics: Peripheral vision & Gaze. The author has an hindex of 11, co-authored 21 publications receiving 296 citations. Previous affiliations of Christian Vater include University of Sydney.

Eye-Tracking Technology and the Dynamics of Natural Gaze Behavior in Sports: A Systematic Review of 40 Years of Research.

Abstract: Reviewing 60 studies on natural gaze behaviour in sports, it becomes clear that, over the last 40 years, the use of eye-tracking devices has considerably increased. Specifically, this review reveals the large variance of methods applied, analyses performed, and measures derived within the field. The results of sub-sample analyses suggest that sports-related eye-tracking research strives, on the one hand, for ecologically valid test settings (i.e., viewing conditions and response modes), while on the other, for experimental control along with high measurement accuracy (i.e., controlled test conditions with high-frequency eye-trackers linked to algorithmic analyses). To meet both demands, some promising compromises of methodological solutions have been proposed − in particular, the integration of robust mobile-eye-trackers in motion-capture systems. However, as the fundamental trade-off between laboratory and field research cannot be solved by technological means, researchers need to carefully weigh the arguments for one or the other approach by accounting for the respective consequences. Nevertheless, for future research on dynamic gaze behaviour in sports, further development of the current mobile eye-tracking methodology seems highly advisable to allow for the acquisition and algorithmic analyses of larger amounts of gaze-data and further, to increase the explanatory power of the derived results.

What do we see out of the corner of our eye? The role of visual pivots and gaze anchors in sport

Abstract: The role and importance of peripheral vision have been discussed across various sports. Yet, its functionality remains unclear and the terms employed in the literature to characterize the use of pe...

Perception and Action in Sports. On the Functionality of Foveal and Peripheral Vision.

Abstract: An optimal coupling between perception and action is crucial for successful performance in sports. In basketball, for example, a stable fixation onto the basket helps to gain precise visual information of the target to successfully throw a basketball into the basket. In basketball-defense situations, however, opposing players cutting to the basket can be detected by using peripheral vision as less precise information are sufficient to mark this player. Those examples elucidate that to solve a given task foveal and peripheral vision can be used to acquire the necessary information. Following this reasoning, the current state of our framework will be presented that allows one to predict the functionality of one or the other or both depending on the current situation and task demands. In more detail, for tasks that require high motor precision like in far-aiming tasks, empirical evidence suggests that stable foveal fixations facilitate inhibitory processes of alternative action parameterization over movement planning and control. However, more complex situations (i.e., with more than one relevant information source), require peripheral vision to process relevant information by positioning gaze at a functional location which might actually be in free space between the relevant information sources. Based on these elaborations, we will discuss complementarities, the role of visual attention as well as practical implications.

Detecting single-target changes in multiple object tracking: The case of peripheral vision

Abstract: In the present study, we investigated whether peripheral vision can be used to monitor multiple moving objects and to detect single-target changes. For this purpose, in Experiment 1, a modified multiple object tracking (MOT) setup with a large projection screen and a constant-position centroid phase had to be checked first. Classical findings regarding the use of a virtual centroid to track multiple objects and the dependency of tracking accuracy on target speed could be successfully replicated. Thereafter, the main experimental variations regarding the manipulation of to-be-detected target changes could be introduced in Experiment 2. In addition to a button press used for the detection task, gaze behavior was assessed using an integrated eyetracking system. The analysis of saccadic reaction times in relation to the motor response showed that peripheral vision is naturally used to detect motion and form changes in MOT, because saccades to the target often occurred after target-change offset. Furthermore, for changes of comparable task difficulties, motion changes are detected better by peripheral vision than are form changes. These findings indicate that the capabilities of the visual system (e.g., visual acuity) affect change detection rates and that covert-attention processes may be affected by vision-related aspects such as spatial uncertainty. Moreover, we argue that a centroid-MOT strategy might reduce saccade-related costs and that eyetracking seems to be generally valuable to test the predictions derived from theories of MOT. Finally, we propose implications for testing covert attention in applied settings.

Disentangling vision and attention in multiple-object tracking: How crowding and collisions affect gaze anchoring and dual-task performance.

Abstract: Previous studies of multiple-object tracking have shown that gaze behavior is affected by target collisions and target-distractor crowding Therefore, in order to experimentally disentangle this collision-crowding confound, we examined events of target collisions with the bordering frame and crowding with distractors We hypothesized that collisions are particularly demanding for covert attentional processing, whereas crowding particularly challenges peripheral vision Results show that gaze is located closer to targets when they are crowded, as would be expected to reduce negative crowding effects by utilizing the higher spatial acuity of foveal vision However, saccades, which interrupt visual information processing, were instead initiated as a function of target collisions with the bordering frame Consequently, in a dual-task condition that required the detection of target changes, participants more frequently missed changes if they occurred in time intervals around a collision Based on these results, superior performance should be expected if foveal gaze is optimally anchored among crowded targets and if potential target changes are monitored with peripheral vision In addition to the implications for further laboratory research of multiple-object tracking, these findings are relevant to a multitude tasks that require the monitoring of several targets and the simultaneous detection of certain events in the visual periphery, as it is commonly the case, for instance, in sports

Visual Perception And Action In Sport

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Anticipation in sport.

Abstract: Anticipation has become an increasingly important research area within sport psychology since its infancy in the late 1970s. Early work has increased our fundamental understanding of skilled anticipation in sports and how this skill is developed. With increasing theoretical and practical insights and concurrent technological advancements, researchers are now able to tackle more detailed questions with sophisticated methods. Despite this welcomed progress, some fundamental questions and challenges remain to be addressed, including the (relative) contributions of visual and motor experience to anticipation, intraindividual and interindividual variation in gaze behaviour, and the impact of non-kinematic (contextual or situational) information on performance and its interaction with advanced kinematic cues during the planning and execution of (re)actions in sport. The aim of this opinion paper is to shortly sketch the state of the art, and then to discuss recent work that has started to systematically address open challenges thereby inspiring promising future routes for research on anticipation and its application in practice.

Perception Cognition And Decision Training The Quiet Eye In Action

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