http://scheikundeinbedrijf.nl/content/modules/modulenaam/files/b713736m.pdf

The E Factor: fifteen years on

In this tutorial review, the fundamental concepts underlying the principles of green and sustainable chemistry - atom and step economy and the E factor - are presented, within the general context of efficiency in organic synthesis. The importance of waste minimisation through the widespread application of catalysis in all its forms – homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalysis and biocatalysis – is discussed. These general principles are illustrated with simple practical examples, such as alcohol oxidation and carbonylation and the asymmetric reduction of ketones. The latter reaction is exemplified by a three enzyme process for the production of a key intermediate in the synthesis of the cholesterol lowering agent, atorvastatin. The immobilisation of enzymes as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) as a means of optimizing operational performance is presented. The use of immobilised enzymes in catalytic cascade processes is illustrated with a trienzymatic process for the conversion of benzaldehyde to (S)-mandelic acid using a combi-CLEA containing three enzymes. Finally, the transition from fossil-based chemicals manufacture to a more sustainable biomass-based production is discussed.

http://www.industrialgreenchem.com/pdf-docs/abstracts/roger-sheldon.pdf

Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction design

Metal-mediated reductive hydrodehalogenation of organic halides.

E factors, green chemistry and catalysis: an odyssey

https://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/djd/chem483/Lectures/Metrics%20to%20green%20chem.pdf

Metrics to ‘green’ chemistry—which are the best?

Toward a ‘reagent-free’ synthesis

Several vinyl halides previously used in inositol syntheses were subjected to electrochemical reduction. The unreactivity of allylic alcohols or allylic ethers at the applied potentials allowed the...

Use of Electrochemical Methods as an Alternative to Tin Reagents for the Reduction of Vinyl Halides in Inositol Synthons.

Chemoenzymatic and electrochemical oxidations in the synthesis of octahydroisoquinolines for conversion to morphine. Relative merits of radical vs. acid-catalyzed cyclizations

Second-generation stereoselective synthesis of octahydroisoquinoline 3 , a potential key intermediate for the projected synthesis of the natural enantiomer of morphine, has been accomplished in five steps from arene cis -diol 8 . Electrochemical oxidation of 9b furnished 7b , a precursor for the key benzoate-assisted acyl0iminium cyclization.

Chemoenzymatic and Electrochemical Oxidations in the Synthesis of Octahydroisoquinolines for Conversion to Morphine. Relative Merits of Radical vs. Acid-Catalyzed Cyclizations.

Christopher D. Claeboe

Papers

Toward a ‘reagent-free’ synthesis

Use of Electrochemical Methods as an Alternative to Tin Reagents for the Reduction of Vinyl Halides in Inositol Synthons.

Chemoenzymatic and electrochemical oxidations in the synthesis of octahydroisoquinolines for conversion to morphine. Relative merits of radical vs. acid-catalyzed cyclizations

Use of Electrochemical Methods as an Alternative to Tin Reagents for the Reduction of Vinyl Halides in Inositol Synthons.

Chemoenzymatic and Electrochemical Oxidations in the Synthesis of Octahydroisoquinolines for Conversion to Morphine. Relative Merits of Radical vs. Acid-Catalyzed Cyclizations.