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Chul Hun Choi

Bio: Chul Hun Choi is an academic researcher from Purdue University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Minor metals & LED lamp. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 5 publications receiving 60 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a system dynamics model is developed to capture the time-changing stocks and flows related to supply and demand of indium over a 50-year time period, while considering carrier metal production, price elasticity of demand, and indium usage in other applications (mainly liquid crystal display).
Abstract: Clean energy technologies represent a promising solution to the global warming challenge. Many clean energy technologies, however, depend on some rare materials and concerns have been raised recently. Indium is one of these materials as it is critical for two emerging energy applications, that is, Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaics (PV) and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. This study analyzes the supply and demand of indium under different energy and technology development scenarios using a dynamic material flow analysis approach. A system dynamics model is developed to capture the time-changing stocks and flows related to supply and demand of indium over a 50-year time period, while considering carrier metal (i.e. zinc) production, price elasticity of demand, and indium usage in other applications (mainly liquid crystal display). Simulation results indicate that a shortage on indium is likely to occur in a short time period even under favorite case of indium supply. The rapid expansion of CIGS technology dominates indium demand in about 14 years, which outruns the growth of zinc mine production (thus indium supply). Sensitivity analysis suggests that model parameters related to solar PV market penetration, CIGS technology advancement, and price elasticity of indium demand have large effects on the total indium demand over simulation period. Eight scenarios combining projections on solar PV market growth, technology advancement, and zinc mine production are explored. It is observed that only under conservative estimates of solar PV market growth there is relatively enough indium supply to support the deployment. Even in these scenarios a shortage may occur toward the end of simulation.

44 citations

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TL;DR: In this article, an ABM of residential lighting purchase and usage within a hypothetical community and trying to illustrate possible adoption paths under different scenarios was used to compare energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission.

16 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Mar 2018-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, a generic mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to investigate global strategic level capacity and production planning for both base and byproduct materials, and other decisions relevant to capacity expansions and productions are also considered.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Jul 2020-Energy
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied the Cournot model to find the equilibrium production quantities of both base and by-product materials for thin-film solar photovoltaic and light emitting diode lighting.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an agent-based model is proposed to predict future market situation and supply-demand balance of the indium market, where the market is modeled as a Cournot competition oligopolistic market.
Abstract: With rapid development and deployment of clean energy technology, demand for certain minor metals has increased significantly. However, many such metals are by-products of various host metals and are economically infeasible to extract independently. Meanwhile, by-product metals present in the mined ores may not be extracted even if they are sent to smelters along with host metal concentrates if it is not economically favorable for the producers. This dependency poses potential supply risks to by-product metals. Indium is a typical by-product metal, mainly from zinc mining and refining, and is important for flat panel displays, high efficiency lighting, and emerging thin-film solar panel production. Current indium supply–demand forecast models tend to overlook the volatile and competitive nature of minor metal market and are mostly based on top-down approaches. Therefore, a bottom-up agent-based model can shed new light on the market dynamics and possible outcome of future indium supply–demand relationship. A multi-layered model would also be helpful for identifying possible bottlenecks of indium supply and finding solutions. This work takes indium as an example of minor metal market and sets up an agent-based model to predict future market situation and supply–demand balance. The market is modeled as a Cournot competition oligopolistic market by refineries with capacity restriction based on host metal production. The model maintains active Nash equilibrium each year to simulate competitions between suppliers. The model is validated and verified by historical data and sensitivity analysis. Several scenarios are also explored to illustrate possible uncertainties of the market.

2 citations


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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a systematic review of studies exploring the projected long-term status of various critical materials, covering 48 elements with 546 data points for global demand through 2030 and 2050, finding that the social and environmental implications induced by demand growth are largely overlooked in these studies, resulting in less attention being given to the spatial divergence between consuming and producing countries in the global supply chain.
Abstract: Critical metals are technologically vital to the functionality of various emerging technologies, yet they have a potentially unstable supply. This condition calls for strategic planning based on the expected long-term demand and supply of these metals and the implications attached. Here, we provide the first systematic review of studies (88 studies in all) exploring the projected long-term status of various critical materials, covering 48 elements with 546 data points for global demand through 2030 and 2050. Interestingly, results indicate that, to date, no long-term demand outlook is available for some high criticality metals. We also find that the social and environmental implications induced by demand growth are largely overlooked in these studies, resulting in less attention being given to the spatial divergence between consuming and producing countries in the global supply chain. Moreover, circular economy strategies that include component reuse and remanufacturing have been barely incorporated into the modelling frameworks presented in these studies, while end-of-life recycling is heavily focused on. In addition, elemental linkages (e.g., indium-zinc-steel) are underemphasized, leading to a lack of understanding of future availability and sustainable cycles. All of these findings affirm the need for further scientific research that explores the long-term status of critical metals, which strongly connects to the sustainable development goals of the United Nations and implementation of the Paris Agreement.

140 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the congruence between mining activity and sustainable development goals is discussed, starting from experiences of the scientific literature and the observation of one mining activity, where visits were made to three crushed stone mining industries, located in Monsenhor Gil, Piaui, Brazil, to follow the production process of the diabase mineral.

107 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic review of agent-based modelling studies on the adoption of energy efficiency by households is presented in this paper, where the authors focus on a subset of barriers for adoption, such as lack of capital, lack of information, high upfront cost, ignorance, inertia and other priorities.
Abstract: Increasing the adoption of energy efficient technologies by households is one of the formulated strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a systematic review of agent-based modelling studies on the adoption of energy efficiency by households. It starts with an overview of barriers for adoption, of energy efficiency policies, energy efficiency model types. Afterwards, an analysis is given of technologies modelled, policies simulated, decision-making theories included, and the use of empirical data. An overview is presented of how technologies, barriers and policies relate in the models. Furthermore, the core policy recommendations from existing models are presented. The analysis shows that the reviewed studies predominantly focus on a subset of barriers – a lack of capital, a lack of information, high upfront cost, ignorance, inertia and other priorities. So far, agent-based models have focused on how subsidies, technology bans and information campaigns influence energy efficiency adoption. There is ample opportunity for future agent-based modelling research on energy efficiency adoption policy by studying other residential technologies, other barriers, and other policies that fit the agent-based modelling paradigm well.

107 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theoretically-based and empirically-driven agent-based model to track aggregated impacts of behavioral changes among heterogeneous households, and explore the barriers for utilizing the full potential of a region for emissions reduction.

67 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the feasibility of producing critical raw materials from mine tailings, such as rare earth oxides (REOs) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) from 477 Chilean tailings facilities.

62 citations