Claude Bouchard

Bio: Claude Bouchard is an academic researcher from Pennington Biomedical Research Center. The author has contributed to research in topics: Body mass index & Obesity. The author has an hindex of 153, co-authored 1076 publications receiving 115307 citations. Previous affiliations of Claude Bouchard include Texas A&M University & University of Texas at Austin.

DNA polymorphism in the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene has no effect on obesity related phenotypes in the Swedish Obese Subjects cohorts.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between the A–G point mutation at position −3826 bp in the 5′ flanking domain of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1 A-3826G) and some obesity phenotypes in the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) cohorts of obese and non-obese men and women. Previous studies have supported the hypothesis of an association between the UCP1 A-3826G polymorphism and body weight regulation in humans. DESIGN: Case-control study comparing obese subjects from the SOS registry and a sample of the Swedish general population (body mass index (BMI) 0.05). Similar results were obtained when the three genotypes were compared. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to what was found in other populations, the UCP1 A-3826G sequence variation is not associated with obesity-related phenotypes and weight gain over time in subjects from the SOS cohorts.

Test-retest errors and the apparent heterogeneity of training response.

Abstract: Published reports have shown large apparent inter-individual differences of gains in maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) in response to a standard 20-week programme of aerobic conditioning that progressed to 75% of the individual’s initial VO2max. The observed gains of VO2max ranged from 0 to 1,000 ml min−1, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 8.4%. The present analysis evaluates the potential contribution of test–retest errors to these apparent large inter-individual differences in training response. The 2-day test–retest CV for VO2max readings in 742 healthy adults was initially 5.0%, dropping to 4.1% after training. Published training responses were estimated from the mean of paired measurements obtained before and after training if readings agreed by 5%. Taking account of the relative proportions of single and paired observations, the weighted VO2max data for the entire sample had an effective 2-day CV of 4.3% before and 3.4% after training. Assumption 1: if the 20-week test–retest error remained similar to the 2-day figure, measurement error would contribute a CV of 5.5% to apparent training responses, or (for the stated initial mean VO2max of 2,409 ml min−1) an SD of 132 ml min−1. Assumption 2: if the 20-week CV was similar to that in other long-term studies (~5%), measurement error would contribute a CV of 6.1%, or a SD of 146 ml min−1. The published data show a total SD of 202 ml min−1 for apparent inter-individual differences in training response, with age, gender, race and baseline VO2max accounting for only 11% of this variance. After estimating the likely effect of test–retest measurement errors, the SD due to inter-individual differences would decrease to 138 ml minVO2max (assumption 1) or 123 ml min−1 (assumption 2). We conclude that when estimating the extent of inter-individual differences in training response, allowance must be made not only for the minor effects of recognized covariates (age, gender, race and initial fitness), but also for the larger influence of test-retest measurement errors. Nevertheless, substantial inter-individual differences persist after making such adjustments. The most likely explanation of these differences is a familial aggregation of training responses.

Evidence for a Major Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 17q21 Affecting Low-Density Lipoprotein Peak Particle Diameter

Abstract: Background— Several lines of evidence suggest that small dense LDL particles are associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. Heritability and segregation studies suggest that LDL particle size is characterized by a large genetic contribution and the presence of a putative major genetic locus. However, association and linkage analyses have thus far been inconclusive in identifying the underlying gene(s). Methods and Results— An autosomal genome-wide scan for LDL peak particle diameter (LDL-PPD) was performed in the Quebec Family Study. A total of 442 markers were genotyped, with an average intermarker distance of 7.2 cM. LDL-PPD was measured by gradient gel electrophoresis in 681 subjects from 236 nuclear families. Linkage was tested by both sib-pair–based and variance components–based linkage methods. The strongest evidence of linkage was found on chromosome 17q21.33 at marker D17S1301, with an LOD score of 6.76 by the variance-components method for the phenotype adjusted for age, body mass index...

Glucose homeostasis predicts weight gain: prospective and clinical evidence.

Abstract: Background The potential long-term impact of low glycaemia on body fat accumulation has not been verified Therefore, we examined the effects of low glucose concentrations on long-term energy balance and weight gain in humans Methods Two sets of analyses were realized in order to verify this objective First, Study 1 consisted of 259 participants between 20 and 65 years of age selected from Phase 2 of the Quebec Family Study (QFS) The association between glucose concentrations at the end of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and changes in body mass was analysed prospectively (mean follow-up of 6 years) In addition, Study 2 consisted of 44 obese participants (20 men and 24 women) randomly assigned to a 15-week weight loss program in either a drug therapy group (fenfluramine) or a placebo group coupled with energy intake restriction The focus of this study was the relationship between glycaemic control at the end of the treatment and post-treatment weight regain Results In Study 1, the glucose concentrations at 120 min of the OGTT were negatively correlated with weight gain over 6 years (r = − 042, p < 001) In Study 2, the weight loss program induced a mean reduction in body weight of 10 kg in the fenfluramine and placebo groups In participants who returned for a follow-up visit (mean = 81 weeks after the intervention), the glucose area below fasting values (GABF) at the end of the OGTT increased with weight loss (p < 001) and was correlated with weight regain (r = 074, p < 001) Conclusions Lower glucose concentrations at the end of an OGTT are correlated with weight gain over time Large amounts of weight loss are associated with low glycaemia at the end of an OGTT These low glucose concentrations are strong predictors of the amount of weight regained after weight loss Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity

Abstract: CRAIG, C. L., A. L. MARSHALL, M. SJOSTROM, A. E. BAUMAN, M. L. BOOTH, B. E. AINSWORTH, M. PRATT, U. EKELUND, A. YNGVE, J. F. SALLIS, and P. OJA. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 1381-1395, 2003. Background: Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. Methods: Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. Results: Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. Conclusions: The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment. Key Words: MEASUREMENT, SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

Abstract: ABCD : Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes ABI : ankle–brachial index ABPM : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCESS : Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival ACCOMPLISH : Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ACTIVE I : Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation AHEAD : Action for HEAlth in Diabetes ALLHAT : Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack ALTITUDE : ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints ANTIPAF : ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation APOLLO : A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People ARB : angiotensin receptor blocker ARIC : Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ARR : aldosterone renin ratio ASCOT : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial ASCOT-LLA : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm ASTRAL : Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions A-V : atrioventricular BB : beta-blocker BMI : body mass index BP : blood pressure BSA : body surface area CA : calcium antagonist CABG : coronary artery bypass graft CAPPP : CAPtopril Prevention Project CAPRAF : CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation CHD : coronary heart disease CHHIPS : Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke CKD : chronic kidney disease CKD-EPI : Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration CONVINCE : Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints CT : computed tomography CV : cardiovascular CVD : cardiovascular disease D : diuretic DASH : Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Study DIRECT : DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials DM : diabetes mellitus DPP-4 : dipeptidyl peptidase 4 EAS : European Atherosclerosis Society EASD : European Association for the Study of Diabetes ECG : electrocardiogram EF : ejection fraction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate ELSA : European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis ESC : European Society of Cardiology ESH : European Society of Hypertension ESRD : end-stage renal disease EXPLOR : Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination FDA : U.S. Food and Drug Administration FEVER : Felodipine EVent Reduction study GISSI-AF : Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HBPM : home blood pressure monitoring HOPE : Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment HRT : hormone replacement therapy HT : hypertension HYVET : HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial IMT : intima-media thickness I-PRESERVE : Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function INTERHEART : Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries INVEST : INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril ISH : Isolated systolic hypertension JNC : Joint National Committee JUPITER : Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LAVi : left atrial volume index LIFE : Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives LV : left ventricle/left ventricular LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy LVM : left ventricular mass MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MRFIT : Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial MRI : magnetic resonance imaging NORDIL : The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study OC : oral contraceptive OD : organ damage ONTARGET : ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial PAD : peripheral artery disease PATHS : Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PPAR : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PREVEND : Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease PROFESS : Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes PROGRESS : Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study PWV : pulse wave velocity QALY : Quality adjusted life years RAA : renin-angiotensin-aldosterone RAS : renin-angiotensin system RCT : randomized controlled trials RF : risk factor ROADMAP : Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention SBP : systolic blood pressure SCAST : Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke SCOPE : Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly SCORE : Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STOP : Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension STOP-2 : The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension SYSTCHINA : SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial SYSTEUR : SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe TIA : transient ischaemic attack TOHP : Trials Of Hypertension Prevention TRANSCEND : Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Principles The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Abstract: XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.