Claude Bouchard

Bio: Claude Bouchard is an academic researcher from Pennington Biomedical Research Center. The author has contributed to research in topics: Body mass index & Obesity. The author has an hindex of 153, co-authored 1076 publications receiving 115307 citations. Previous affiliations of Claude Bouchard include Texas A&M University & University of Texas at Austin.

Adaptation to maximal effort.

Abstract: In their recent paper (Acta Genet Med Gemellol 33:565-569, 1984), DeMeersman and coworkers reported some interesting observations concerning the effects of exercisetraining on the response of maximal oxygen uptake in one set of MZ triplets [6]. The association of the Human Performance Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University with the well established twin scientists of the Department of Human Genetics at the Medical College of Virginia (Richmond) raises great hope for this field in need of vigorous and careful experimental research. This paper is quite correct from the experimental point of view. Their interpretation of the findings is not quite clear, however, and it prompts me to make the following observations:

Sibling correlations and genetic estimates for selected blood variables in French Canadian children.

Abstract: Selected blood variables were studied in 165 French Canadian boys and girls aged 6–15 years from the Center for Research on Human Growth at the University of Montreal. Venous blood samples were obtained between 1968 and 1971, and results closest to 10 years of age are retained for the present analysis. A maximum of 124 pairs of sibs were studied for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, total cholesterol, concentration of carotene, vitamin A and serum iron, iron-binding capacity, and saturation of transferrin. Sibling correlations ranged from essentially zero (0.06; hematocrit) to 0.51 (carotene) with the effect of age controlled. An estimate of the contribution of nonbiological factors to covariation between sibs was attempted through statistical control of the following seven indicators: education of father and of mother, occupation of father and of mother, total family income, size of household, and dollars spent on food per capita per week. This procedure lowered correlations by a substantial amount, particularly serum iron concentration, iron-binding capacity, and percentage saturation of transferrin (about 0.20 correlations units). Only cholesterol (0.30) and carotene (0.42) maintained a moderate positive coefficient. Broad heritability estimates computed after such statistical controls of nonbiological familial effects ranged from zero to 0.84. Total genetic effects for cholesterol, in this normolipemic population, reached a fairly high value of 0.60.

Method of making an electron multiplier device

Abstract: An electron multiplier device formed of the combination of a support made of high temperature-resisting electrically-insulating ceramic material and of a layer of secondary electron emitting semi-conducting glass material fused to the inner wall of the ceramic material and method of making; the multiplier device is further characterized in that the ceramic material and the glass material have substantially the same coefficient of expansion. The device is made by pouring molten semi-conducting glass into at least one channel in a ceramic support having a higher fusion point than that of the glass and the same coefficient of expansion, flowing the glass under pressure through the channel and cooling to leave a semi-conductor wall to the channel.

Epidemiology, etiology, and physiopathology

Abstract: History, Definitions, and Prevalence Obesity Has Always Been with Us: An Historical Introduction George A. Bray Measurement of Total Adiposity, Regional Fat Depots, and Ectopic Fat Steven B. Heymsfield, Houchun Harry Hu, ZiMian Wang, Wei Shen, and Ye Jin Anthropometric Indicators in Relation to the Gold Standards Peter T. Katzmarzyk Worldwide Prevalence of Obesity in Adults Jacob C. Seidell Prevalence and Consequences of Pediatric Obesity Nazrat M. Mirza and Jack A. Yanovski Obesity in Older Adults in the United States Tala H.I. Fakhouri, Brian K. Kit, Margaret D. Carroll, Katherine M. Flegal, and Cynthia L. Ogden Gender, Ethnic, and Geographic Variation in Adiposity Timothy Olds and Carol Maher Biological Determinants of Obesity Genetic Component to Obesity: Evidence from Genetic Epidemiology Louis Perusse, Treva K. Rice, and Claude Bouchard Genes and the Predisposition to Obesity Marcel den Hoed and Ruth J. F. Loos Epigenetic Mechanisms in Obesity Robert A. Waterland Fetal and Early Postnatal Life Determinants of Adiposity Felicia M. Low, Peter D. Gluckman, and Mark A. Hanson Animal Models of Obesity: Perspectives on Evolution of Strategies for Their Development and Analysis of Their Phenotypes Heike Munzberg, Tara M. Henagan, and Thomas W. Gettys Animal Models of Obesity: Nonhuman Primates Barbara C. Hansen CNS Regulation of Energy Balance Hans-Rudolf Berthoud and Barry E. Levin Gastrointestinal Regulation of Energy Balance Timo D. Muller, Kristy Heppner, Chun-Xia Yi, Paul T. Pfluger, and Matthias H. Tschop Gut Microbiome and Obesity Patrice D. Cani Sympathetic Nervous System and Endocrine Determinants of Energy Balance Hamid R. Farshchi and Ian A. Macdonald Insulin Resistance and Obesity Charmaine S. Tam, Morvarid Kabir, Richard N. Bergman, and Eric Ravussin White and Brown Adipose Tissue Development Meghan E. McDonald and Stephen R. Farmer Adipose Tissue Metabolism, Adipokines, and Obesity Dominique Langin and Max Lafontan Visceral Adipose Tissue and Ectopic Fat Deposition Amalia Gastaldelli Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Obesity Jeffrey J. Brault, G. Lynis Dohm, and Joseph A. Houmard Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Aspects of Obesity and Weight Loss Mary-Ellen Harper, Robert Dent, and Ruth McPherson Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Food, and Obesity Yves Schutz and Abdul G. Dulloo Energy Cost of Exercise, Postexercise Metabolic Rates, and Obesity Einat Shalev-Goldman, Trevor O'Neill, and Robert Ross Energy Partitioning, Substrate Oxidation Rates, and Obesity Angelo Tremblay, Yves Deshaies, and Katherine Cianflone Viral Infections and Adiposity Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, Emily J. Dhurandhar, and Richard L. Atkinson Behavioral Determinants of Obesity Obesity: Influence of the Food Environment on Ingestive Behaviors Richard D. Mattes and Sze Yen Tan Obesity and Related Eating Disorders Brooke A. Bailer, Lauren E. Bradley, and Kelly C. Allison Tobacco Use, Smoking Cessation, and Obesity Carole Clair, Semira Gonseth, Jacques Cornuz, and Ivan Berlin Breastfeeding and Later Obesity Nancy F. Butte Beverages and Obesity: Biology, History, Trends Barry M. Popkin and Frank B. Hu Sedentary Time and Obesity Neville Owen and Marc Hamilton Occupational Work and Obesity Nicholas D. Gilson and Catrine Tudor-Locke Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Obesity Thrudur Gunnarsdottir, Renee J. Rogers, John M. Jakicic, and James O. Hill Sustained Short Sleep and Risk of Obesity: Evidence in Children and Adults Michelle A. Miller, George Smith, Andrew O'Keeffe, and Francesco P. Cappuccio Environmental, Social, and Cultural Determinants of Obesity Role of Agriculture and the Food Industry in America's Obesity James E. Tillotson Transportation Policies and Obesity David R. Bassett Jr. Urban Environment, Building Design, and Obesity Reid Ewing and Gail Meakins Social and Economic Determinants of Obesity Lindsay McLaren Influence of Culture on Obesity Alison Tovar and Aviva Must Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity Rebecca M. Puhl, Kelly D. Brownell, and Jenny A. DePierre Environmental Chemicals and Obesity Amanda S. Janesick, Thaddeus T. Schug, Jerrold J. Heindel, and Bruce Blumberg Economic Costs of Obesity Ping Zhang, Sundar S. Shrestha, and Rui Li Consequences of Obesity Obesity and Mortality Rates Gary Whitlock and Rachel R. Huxley Obesity and Heart Disease Peter W.F. Wilson Obesity and Hypertension Raj S. Padwal and Arya M. Sharma Obesity and Lipoprotein Metabolism Sally Chiu and Ronald M. Krauss Obesity and Type Diabetes Henna Cederberg and Markku Laakso Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Jean-Pierre Despres Obesity and Cancer: Clinical Epidemiology Andrew G. Renehan Inflammatory Causes of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases Ebru Erbay and Gokhan S. Hotamis,ligil Obesity and Gallbladder Disease Cynthia W. Ko and Sum P. Lee Obesity and Liver: Cell Death, Compensatory Growth, and Repair of Damage Giovanni Tarantino Obesity, Lung Function, and Lung Disease Nour A. Assad, Jesse H. Alvarado, and Akshay Sood Obesity, Arthritis, and Gout Luke Dawson, Anita E. Wluka, Yuanyuan Wang, and Flavia M. Cicuttini Obesity and Mental Health Lucy F. Faulconbridge and Anthony Fabricatore Obesity and Health-Related Quality of Life Donald A. Williamson and W. Jack Rejeski Obesity and Pregnancy Outcomes Raul Artal and Sarah Hopkins Obesity, an Inactive Lifestyle and Low Fitness: The Most Unhealthy Combination Paul A. McAuley and Steven N. Blair Index

International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity

Abstract: CRAIG, C. L., A. L. MARSHALL, M. SJOSTROM, A. E. BAUMAN, M. L. BOOTH, B. E. AINSWORTH, M. PRATT, U. EKELUND, A. YNGVE, J. F. SALLIS, and P. OJA. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 1381-1395, 2003. Background: Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. Methods: Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. Results: Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. Conclusions: The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment. Key Words: MEASUREMENT, SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

Abstract: ABCD : Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes ABI : ankle–brachial index ABPM : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCESS : Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival ACCOMPLISH : Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ACTIVE I : Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation AHEAD : Action for HEAlth in Diabetes ALLHAT : Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack ALTITUDE : ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints ANTIPAF : ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation APOLLO : A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People ARB : angiotensin receptor blocker ARIC : Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ARR : aldosterone renin ratio ASCOT : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial ASCOT-LLA : Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm ASTRAL : Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions A-V : atrioventricular BB : beta-blocker BMI : body mass index BP : blood pressure BSA : body surface area CA : calcium antagonist CABG : coronary artery bypass graft CAPPP : CAPtopril Prevention Project CAPRAF : CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation CHD : coronary heart disease CHHIPS : Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke CKD : chronic kidney disease CKD-EPI : Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration CONVINCE : Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints CT : computed tomography CV : cardiovascular CVD : cardiovascular disease D : diuretic DASH : Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Study DIRECT : DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials DM : diabetes mellitus DPP-4 : dipeptidyl peptidase 4 EAS : European Atherosclerosis Society EASD : European Association for the Study of Diabetes ECG : electrocardiogram EF : ejection fraction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate ELSA : European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis ESC : European Society of Cardiology ESH : European Society of Hypertension ESRD : end-stage renal disease EXPLOR : Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination FDA : U.S. Food and Drug Administration FEVER : Felodipine EVent Reduction study GISSI-AF : Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HBPM : home blood pressure monitoring HOPE : Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment HRT : hormone replacement therapy HT : hypertension HYVET : HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial IMT : intima-media thickness I-PRESERVE : Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function INTERHEART : Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries INVEST : INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril ISH : Isolated systolic hypertension JNC : Joint National Committee JUPITER : Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin LAVi : left atrial volume index LIFE : Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives LV : left ventricle/left ventricular LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy LVM : left ventricular mass MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MRFIT : Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial MRI : magnetic resonance imaging NORDIL : The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study OC : oral contraceptive OD : organ damage ONTARGET : ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial PAD : peripheral artery disease PATHS : Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PPAR : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PREVEND : Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease PROFESS : Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes PROGRESS : Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study PWV : pulse wave velocity QALY : Quality adjusted life years RAA : renin-angiotensin-aldosterone RAS : renin-angiotensin system RCT : randomized controlled trials RF : risk factor ROADMAP : Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention SBP : systolic blood pressure SCAST : Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke SCOPE : Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly SCORE : Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STOP : Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension STOP-2 : The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension SYSTCHINA : SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial SYSTEUR : SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe TIA : transient ischaemic attack TOHP : Trials Of Hypertension Prevention TRANSCEND : Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Principles The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Abstract: XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.