Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications

Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.

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Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering

Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review

https://www.echlorial.fr/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Biocapteur-chlorella-vulgaris-metaux-lourds-pesticides-Chouteau-2005.pdf

A bi-enzymatic whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water samples

https://hal-emse.ccsd.cnrs.fr/emse-00520269/document

Optical whole-cell biosensor using Chlorella vulgaris designed for monitoring herbicides

Development of novel conductometric biosensors based on immobilised whole cell Chlorella vulgaris microalgae.

https://hal-emse.ccsd.cnrs.fr/emse-00520278/document

Optical algal biosensor using alkaline phosphatase for determination of heavy metals.

The successful development and analytical performances of two biosensor configurations based on the entrapment of algal cells of Chlorella vulgaris into either a regular alginate gel or a newly synthesized pyrrole-alginate matrix are reported. These biosensors were compared in terms of their amperometric current measurements to p-nitrophenyl phosphate when used as substrate for the detection of an algal alkaline phosphatase activity. The high stability of the pyrrole-alginate gel when compared to that of the alginate coating is herein demonstrated.

Claude Durrieu

Papers

A bi-enzymatic whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water samples

Optical whole-cell biosensor using Chlorella vulgaris designed for monitoring herbicides

Development of novel conductometric biosensors based on immobilised whole cell Chlorella vulgaris microalgae.

Optical algal biosensor using alkaline phosphatase for determination of heavy metals.

Amperometric Algal Chlorella vulgaris Cell Biosensors Based on Alginate and Polypyrrole-Alginate Gels