Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

/pdf/scaling-up-mimo-opportunities-and-challenges-with-very-large-puqp9v7gzk.pdf

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

A new type of metallic electromagnetic structure has been developed that is characterized by having high surface impedance. Although it is made of continuous metal, and conducts dc currents, it does not conduct ac currents within a forbidden frequency band. Unlike normal conductors, this new surface does not support propagating surface waves, and its image currents are not phase reversed. The geometry is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been folded up into lumped-circuit elements, and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice. The surface can be described using solid-state band theory concepts, even though the periodicity is much less than the free-space wavelength. This unique material is applicable to a variety of electromagnetic problems, including new kinds of low-profile antennas.

/pdf/high-impedance-electromagnetic-surfaces-with-a-forbidden-3vtu72a5an.pdf

High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band

http://www.csun.edu/~andrzej/COMP529-S05/papers/Mesh%20Networks%20Survey.pdf

Wireless mesh networks: a survey

This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems. 
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory, propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.

/pdf/scaling-up-mimo-opportunities-and-challenges-with-very-large-1gai688763.pdf

Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applicationsComputer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern

/pdf/antenna-theory-analysis-and-design-619uo8l5if.pdf

Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design

Time--Varying and Time--Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields. Electrical Properties of Matter. Wave Equation and Its Solutions. Wave Propagation and Polarization. Reflection and Transmission. Auxiliary Vector Potentials, Contruction of Solutions, and Radiation and Scattering Equations. Electromagnetic Theorems and Principles. Rectangular Cross--Section Waveguides and Cavities. Circular Cross--Section Waveguides and Cavities. Spherical Transmission Lines and Cavities. Scattering. Integral Equations and the Moment Method. Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Greena s Functions. Appendices. Index.

Advanced engineering electromagnetics

The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design. Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry. New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applications.Computer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting.-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements.-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern.

Antenna theory : analysis and design

Find the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of classical and modern antennas and their related technologies in Modern Antenna Handbook. Have access to current theories and practices in the field of antennas, with topics like metamaterials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), frequency selective surfaces (FSS), radar cross sections (RCS), and advanced numerical and computational methods targeted primarily for the analysis and design of antennas. Written by leading international experts, this book will help you understand recent developments in antenna-related technology and the future direction of this fast-paced field.

/pdf/modern-antenna-handbook-2m0fvsa7hq.pdf

Modern Antenna Handbook

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction History Classification of Leaky‐Wave Antennas Physics of Leaky Waves Radiation Properties of One‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Radiation Properties of Two‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Conclusions Acknowledgment References

Constantine A. Balanis

Papers

Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design

Advanced engineering electromagnetics

Antenna theory : analysis and design

Modern Antenna Handbook

Leaky‐Wave Antennas