The issues of global warming and depletion of fossil fuels have paved opportunities to electric vehicle (EV). Moreover, the rapid development of power electronics technologies has even realized high energy-efficient vehicles. EV could be the alternative to decrease the global green house gases emission as the energy consumption in the world transportation is high. However, EV faces huge challenges in battery cost since one-third of the EV cost lies on battery. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of the energy sources, storage devices, power converters, low-level control energy management strategies and high supervisor control algorithms used in EV. The comparison on advantages and disadvantages of vehicle technology is highlighted. In addition, the standards and patterns of drive cycles for EV are also outlined. The advancement of power electronics and power processors has enabled sophisticated controls (low-level and high supervisory algorithms) to be implemented in EV to achieve optimum performance as well as the realization of fast-charging stations. The rapid growth of EV has led to the integration of alternative resources to the utility grid and hence smart grid control plays an important role in managing the demand. The awareness of environmental issue and fuel crisis has brought up the sales of EV worldwide.

A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles

Public awareness of the need to reduce global warming and the significant increase in the prices of conventional energy sources have encouraged many countries to provide new energy policies that promote the renewable energy applications. Such renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydro based energies, etc. are environment friendly and have potential to be more widely used. Combining these renewable energy sources with back-up units to form a hybrid system can provide a more economic, environment friendly and reliable supply of electricity in all load demand conditions compared to single-use of such systems. One of the most important issues in this type of hybrid system is to optimally size the hybrid system components as sufficient enough to meet all load requirements with possible minimum investment and operating costs. There are many studies about the optimization and sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems since the recent popular utilization of renewable energy sources. In this concept, this paper provides a detailed analysis of such optimum sizing approaches in the literature that can make significant contributions to wider renewable energy penetration by enhancing the system applicability in terms of economy.

Optimum design of hybrid renewable energy systems: Overview of different approaches

The demand for electricity is increasing day by day, which cannot be fulfilled by non-renewable energy sources alone. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are omnipresent and environmental friendly. The renewable emulnergy sources are emerging options to fulfill the energy demand, but unreliable due to the stochastic nature of their occurrence. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combines two or more renewable energy sources like wind turbine and solar system. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses prefeasibility analysis, optimum sizing, modeling, control aspects and reliability issues. The application of evolutionary technique and game theory in hybrid renewable energy is also presented in this paper.

Solar–wind hybrid renewable energy system: A review

Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit

Assessing the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar PV and wind energy: A critical meta-survey

In this paper, the authors propose two modeling procedures for wind speed simulation. These procedures could be implemented on the structure of a wind turbine simulator during studies concerning stand-alone or hybrid wind systems. The evolution of a horizontal wind speed has been synthesized taking into account two components. The medium- and long-term component is described by a power spectrum associated to a specific site. The turbulence component is assumed to be dependent on the medium- and long-term wind speed evolution. It is considered as a nonstationary process. Two simulation methods for this component, using rational and nonrational filters are proposed. In both procedures, the turbulence model is defined by two parameters, which are either obtained experimentally, or adopted a priori, according to information from the considered site. Numerical results and implementation aspects are also discussed.

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

In this paper we propose two modeling procedures for wind speed simulation. These procedures could be implemented on the structure of a wind turbine simulator during studies concerning stand-alone or hybrid wind systems. The evolution of a horizontal wind speed has been synthesized taking into account two components. The medium- and long-term component is described by a power spectrum associated to a specific site. The turbulence component is assumed to be dependent on the medium- and long-term wind speed evolution. It is considered as a nonstationary process. Two simulation methods for this component, using rational and nonrational filters are proposed. In both procedures, the turbulence model is defined by two parameters, which are either obtained experimentally, or adopted a priori, according to information from the considered site. Numerical results and implementation aspects are also discussed.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8949/28458/01270996.pdf

This paper presents a new methodology of sizing optimization of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. The developed approach makes use of a deterministic algorithm to minimize the life cycle cost of the system while guaranteeing the availability of the energy. Firstly, the mathematical modeling of the principal elements of the hybrid wind/PV system is exposed showing the main sizing variables. Then, the deterministic algorithm is presented and implemented to minimize the objective function which is equal to the life cycle cost of the hybrid system and finally, the obtained results are exposed and discussed.

Modeling and optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy system

In this paper, a new methodology developed to design a hybrid wind/photovoltaic (wind/PV) system, is presented Based on an optimization process using a deterministic algorithm, the developed methodology helps the authors to obtain the optimal number and type of PV panels, wind turbines and storage units ensuring that the system total cost is minimized while guaranteeing the permanent availability of energy to cover the load energy requirements The hybrid system configuration and modeling are presented and the used deterministic algorithm (DIRECT algorithm) is described and implemented in MATLAB environment to optimize the hybrid wind/PV system

Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid wind/PV system with battery storage

In this paper, the authors propose a behaviour simulation of a micro power station system for electric power generation in isolated equatorial regions, e.g. Africa and South America. These remote areas have usually a good potential of hydroelectric relative to small community or activity need. They are characterized by sufficient rainfall, which leads to the steady average flow of the rivers. Despite this energy resource the electrical power generation in these regions is more often achieved by the use of diesels generators. The study proposed here deals with a hybrid electrical power station (photovoltaic and hydro turbine based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) and diesel generators. Two cases are considered in this paper, the first correspond to active and reactive power management when the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator is coupled to a micro-grid. The second case is based on the stator voltage and frequency control when the hybrid electrical power station ensures energy to isolated electric loads.

/pdf/simulation-of-a-doubly-fed-induction-generator-with-hydro-olaixtvrmd.pdf

Cristian Nichita

Papers

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

Modeling and optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy system

Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid wind/PV system with battery storage

Simulation of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with hydro turbine for electrical energy production